Genghis Khan - biography, information, personal life. S. Volkov. The mystery of Genghis Khan's death - Earth before the flood: disappeared continents and civilizations Genghis Khan birth name

Temuchin - this was the initial name of the founder of the Mongol Empire, one of the largest and bloodiest conquerors in world history. Everyone better known under the name of Genghis Khan.

We can say about this man that he was born with a weapon in his hands. A skillful warrior, a talented commander, a competent ruler who managed to assemble a powerful state from a handful of disunited tribes. His fate was so filled with events that were important not only for him, but also for a whole part of the world, that it is rather problematic to compose a short biography of Genghis Khan. We can say that his whole life was one, almost continuous war.

The beginning of the path of the great warrior

Scientists have not been able to find out the exact date when Temuchin was born, it is only known that this happened in the period from 1155 to 1162. But the place of birth is considered to be the Delyun-Baldok tract on the bank of the river. Onona (near Lake Baikal).

Temuchin's father, Yesugei Bugator, the leader of the Taichiuts (one of the many Mongol tribes), raised his son as a warrior from an early age. As soon as the boy turned nine, ten-year-old Borte, a girl from the Urgenat clan, was married to him. Moreover, according to the Mongolian tradition, after the ritual, the groom had to live with the bride's family until his majority. Which was done. The father, leaving his son, went back, but soon after arriving home he died unexpectedly. According to legend, he was poisoned, and his family, both wives and six children were expelled from the tribe, forcing them to wander across the steppe.

Having learned about what had happened, Temuchin decided to share the troubles of his relatives by joining her.

The first battles and the first ulus

After several years of wandering, the future ruler of Mongolia married Borte, receiving as a dowry a rich sable fur coat, which he presented in the future to Khan Tooril, one of the most influential leaders of the steppe, thus endearing the latter to himself. As a result, Tooril became his patron.

Gradually, largely thanks to the "guardian", Temuchin's influence began to grow. Starting literally from scratch, he managed to create a good and strong army. With each new day, more and more soldiers joined him. With his army, he constantly raided neighboring tribes, increasing the holdings and the number of livestock. And even then, by his actions, he differed from other steppe conquerors: attacking the uluses (hordes), he tried not to destroy the enemy, but to attract them to his army.

But his enemies did not doze either: once, during Temuchin's absence, the Merkits attacked his camp, capturing his pregnant wife. But retribution was not long in coming. In 1184 Temuchin together with Tooril Khan and Jamukha (the leader of the Jadaran tribe) brought her back, defeating the Merkits.

By 1186, the future ruler of all Mongolia created his first full-fledged horde (ulus), numbering about 30 thousand soldiers. Now Genghis Khan decided to act independently, emerging from the care of his patron.

The title of Genghis Khan and a single state - Mongolia

To oppose the Tatars, Temuchin again united with Tooril Khan. The decisive battle took place in 1196 and ended in a crushing defeat for the enemy. In addition to the fact that the Mongols received good booty, Temuchin acquired the title of jautkhuri (corresponding to the military commissar), and Tooril Khan became a Mongolian van (prince).

From 1200 to 1204 Temuchin continued to fight the Tatars and the Mongol tribes that had not yet submitted, but already independently, gaining victories and following his tactics - increasing the number of troops at the expense of the enemy's forces.

In 1205, more and more soldiers joined the new ruler, and as a result, in the spring of 1206, he was proclaimed the khan of all Mongols, giving him the appropriate title - Genghis Khan. Mongolia became a single state with a powerful, well-trained army and its own laws, according to which the conquered tribes became part of the army, and the opposing enemies were subject to destruction.

Genghis Khan practically eradicated the tribal system, mixing the tribes, instead dividing the entire horde into tumens (1 tumen = 10 thousand people), and those, in turn, into thousands, hundreds and even tens. As a result, his army reached the number of 10 tumens.

Subsequently, Mongolia was divided into two separate wings, at the head of which Genghis Khan put his most faithful and experienced companions: Boorchu and Mukhali. In addition, military positions could now be inherited.

Death of Genghis Khan

In 1209, Central Asia conquered the Mongols, and until 1211 - almost all of Siberia, the peoples of which were levied with tribute.

In 1213, the Mongols invaded China. Having reached its central part, Genghis Khan stopped, and a year later he returned the troops back to Mongolia, concluding a peace treaty with the emperor of China and forcing them to leave Beijing. But as soon as the ruling court left the capital, Genghis Khan returned the army, continuing the war.

Having defeated the Chinese army, the Mongol conqueror decided to go to Semirechye, and in 1218 it was captured, and at the same time the entire eastern part of Turkestan.

In 1220, the Mongol empire found its capital - Karakorum, and meanwhile the troops of Genghis Khan, divided into two streams, continued their conquest campaigns: the first part invaded the South Caucasus through Northern Iran, the second rushed to the Amu Darya.

Having crossed the Derbent passage in the North Caucasus, Genghis Khan's troops defeated first the Alans, and then the Polovtsians. The latter, having united with the squads of the Russian princes, attacked the Mongols on Kalka, but here too they were defeated. But in the Volga Bulgaria, the Mongol army received a serious blow and retreated to Central Asia.

Returning to Mongolia, Genghis Khan made a trip along the western side of China. At the end of 1226, having forced the river. Huang He, the Mongols moved east. The one hundred thousandth army of the Tanguts (the people who created an entire state in China in 982, called Xi Xia) was defeated, and by the summer of 1227 the Tangut kingdom had ceased to exist. Ironically, Genghis Khan died along with the state of Xi Xia.

The heirs of Genghis Khan must be told separately, since each of them deserves special attention.

The ruler of Mongolia had many wives, and even more offspring. Despite the fact that all the children of the emperor were considered legitimate, only four of them could become his true heirs, namely those who were born by the first and beloved wife of Genghis Khan, Borte. Their names were Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Tolui, and only one could take the place of his father. Although all of them were born of the same mother, they were very different from each other in character and inclinations.

Firstborn

The eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, was very different in character from his father. If the ruler was inherent in cruelty (he, without a drop of pity, destroyed all the defeated, who did not submit and did not want to enter his service), then the distinguishing feature of Jochi was kindness and humanity. Between father and son, misunderstandings constantly arose, which ultimately grew into Genghis Khan's distrust of his firstborn.

The ruler decided that by his actions his son was trying to achieve popularity among the conquered peoples, and then, having led them, to oppose his father and separate from Mongolia. Most likely, such a scenario was far-fetched, and Jochi posed no threat. Nevertheless, in the winter of 1227, he was found dead in the steppe, with a broken spine.

Genghis Khan's second son

As mentioned above, the sons of Genghis Khan were very different from each other. So, the second of them, Chagatai, was the opposite of his older brother. Severity, diligence and even cruelty were inherent in him. Thanks to these character traits, the son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai, took the post of “keeper of the Yasa” (Yasa is the law of power), that is, in fact, he became both the attorney general and the supreme judge in one person. Moreover, he himself observed the provisions of the law strictly and demanded its observance from others, mercilessly punishing violators.

Another offspring of the great khan

Genghis Khan's third son, Ogedei, was similar to his brother Jochi in that he was reputed to be kind and tolerant of people. In addition, he had the ability to persuade: it was not difficult for him to win over a doubter in any dispute in which he took part to his side.

An extraordinary mind and good physical development - perhaps it was these traits inherent in Ogedei that influenced Genghis Khan when choosing a successor, which he did long before his death.

But for all his merits, Ogedei was known as a lover of entertainment, devoting a lot of time to steppe hunting and drinking with friends. In addition, he was strongly influenced by Chagatai, who often forced him to change seemingly final decisions to the opposite.

Tolui, the youngest of the emperor's sons

The youngest son of Genghis Khan, who was named Tolui at birth, was born in 1193. There were rumors among the people that he was allegedly illegitimate. After all, as you know, Genghis Khan came from the Borjigin family, a distinctive feature of which was blond hair and green or blue eyes, but Tolui had a Mongolian, quite ordinary appearance - dark eyes and black hair. Nevertheless, the ruler, in spite of the slander, considered him his.

And it was the youngest son of Genghis Khan, Tolui, who possessed the greatest talents and moral dignity. An excellent commander and a good administrator, Tolui retained nobility and boundless love for his wife, the daughter of the head of the Kerait who served Wang Khan. He not only organized a "church" yurt for her, since she professed Christianity, but even allowed her to hold ceremonies there, for which she was allowed to invite priests and monks. Tolui himself remained faithful to the gods of his ancestors.

Even the death that the youngest son of the Mongol ruler took says a lot about him: when Ogedei was overtaken by a serious illness, then in order to take his ailment on himself, he voluntarily drank a strong potion prepared by the shaman and died, in fact, giving his life for the chance of his brother's recovery ...

Transfer of power

As mentioned above, the sons of Genghis Khan had equal rights to inherit everything that their father left them. After the mysterious death of Jochi, there were fewer applicants for the throne, and when Genghis Khan died and the new ruler had not yet been formally elected, Tolui replaced his father. But already in 1229 Ogedei became the great khan, as Chinggis himself wanted.

However, as mentioned above, Ogedei had a rather kind and gentle character, that is, not the most good and necessary traits for the sovereign. Under him, the management of the ulus was greatly weakened and kept "afloat" thanks to the other sons of Genghis Khan, more precisely, the administrative and diplomatic abilities of Tolui and the strict disposition of Chagatai. The emperor himself preferred to spend time in wanderings in Western Mongolia, which were certainly accompanied by hunting and feasts.

Chinggis's grandchildren

The children of Genghis Khan also had their own sons, who were entitled to a share of the conquests of the great grandfather and fathers. Each of them received either part of the ulus or a high position.

Despite the fact that Jochi was dead, his sons were not left out. So, the eldest of them, Horde-Icheng, inherited the White Horde, which was located between the Irtysh and Tarbagatai. Another son, Sheibani, got the Blue Horde, which roamed from Tyumen to the Aral Sea. From Jochi, the son of Genghis Khan, Batu - perhaps the most famous khan in Russia - received the Golden, or Big Horde. In addition, each brother from the Mongol army was assigned 1-2 thousand fighters.

The children of Chagatai received the same number of soldiers, but the offspring of Tului, being almost inseparable at the court, ruled the grandfather's ulus.

Guyuk, the son of Ogedei, was not left out either. In 1246 he was elected a great khan, and it is believed that from that moment the decline of the Mongol Empire began. There was a split between the descendants of the sons of Genghis Khan. It got to the point that Guyuk organized a military campaign against Batu. But the unexpected happened: in 1248 Guyuk died. One of the versions says that Batu himself had a hand in his death, sending his people to poison the great khan.

Descendant of Jochi, son of Genghis Khan - Batu (Batu)

It was this Mongol ruler who more than others "inherited" in the history of Russia. His name was Batu, but in Russian sources he is more often referred to as Batu Khan.

After the death of his father, who three years before his death received into his possession the Kipchat steppe, Russia with the Crimea, the share of the Caucasus and Khorezm, and by the time of his death had lost most of them (his possessions were reduced to the Asian part of the steppe and Khorezm), the heirs were especially divided there was nothing. But this did not bother Batu, and in 1236, under his leadership, a general Mongol campaign to the West began.

Judging by the nickname given to the commander-ruler - "Sain-khan", meaning "good-natured" - he had some character traits for which his father was famous, only Batu Khan did not interfere with his conquests: by 1243 Mongolia received the western side Polovtsian steppe, the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, and in addition, the Volga Bulgaria. Several times Khan Byty made raids on Russia. And in the end, the Mongol army reached Central Europe. Batu, approaching Rome, demanded obedience from its emperor, Frederick II. At first, he was going to resist the Mongols, but changed his mind, resigned to his fate. Fighting clashes between the troops never happened.

After some time, Khan Batu decided to settle on the coast of the Volga, and he no longer conducted military campaigns to the West.

Batu died in 1256 at the age of 48. The Golden Horde was headed by the son of Batu - Saratak.

Biography

Birth and adolescence

Genghis Khan created a network of communication lines, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, organized intelligence, including economic.

Genghis Khan divided the country into two "wings". At the head of the right wing, he put Boorcha, at the head of the left - Mukhali, two of his most faithful and tested companions. The position and titles of senior and higher military leaders - centurions, thousand and temniks - he made hereditary in the family of those who, with their faithful service, helped him to seize the khan throne.

Conquest of North China

In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered the land of the forest tribes, that is, they subjugated almost all the main tribes and peoples of Siberia, imposing tribute on them.

Before the conquest of China, Genghis Khan decided to secure the border by capturing the Xi-Xia Tangut state in 1207, which was located between his possessions and the Jin state. Having captured several fortified cities, in the summer Genghis Khan retreated to Longjin, waiting out the unbearable heat that fell that year.

Mongol archers on horseback

He captured a fortress and a passage in the Great Wall of China and in 1213 invaded directly into the Chinese state of Jin, passing as far as Nianxi in Hanshu province. Genghis Khan led his troops inland and established his rule over the province of Liaodong, central to the empire. Several Chinese generals went over to his side. The garrisons surrendered without a fight.

Having established his position along the entire Great Wall of China, in the fall of 1213, Genghis Khan sent three armies to different parts of the Jin Empire. One of them, under the command of the three sons of Genghis Khan - Jochi, Chagatai and Ogedei, headed south. Another, led by the brothers and generals of Genghis Khan, moved east to the sea. Genghis Khan himself and his younger son Tolui headed the main forces in a southeast direction. The first army advanced as far as Honan and, capturing twenty-eight cities, joined Genghis Khan on the Great Western Road. The army under the command of the brothers and generals of Genghis Khan captured the province of Liao-si, and Genghis Khan himself ended his triumphant campaign only after he reached the sea rocky promontory in Shandong province. In the spring of 1214, he returned to Mongolia and made peace with the Chinese emperor, leaving him Beijing. However, the leader of the Mongols did not have time to leave behind the Great Wall of China, as the Chinese emperor moved his court farther, to Kaifeng. This step was perceived by Genghis Khan as a manifestation of hostility, and he again brought troops into the empire, now doomed to death. The war continued.

The Jurchen troops in China, replenished at the expense of the aborigines, fought the Mongols until 1235 on their own initiative, but were defeated and exterminated by Genghis Khan's successor Ugedei.

Fight against the Naiman and Kara-Khitan khanates

Following China, Genghis Khan was preparing for a campaign in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. He was especially attracted by the flourishing cities of South Kazakhstan and Semirechye. He decided to carry out his plan through the valley of the Ili River, where the rich cities were located and ruled by the old enemy of Genghis Khan, the Naiman Khan Kuchluk.

While Genghis Khan was conquering all the new cities and provinces of China, the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk asked the gurkhan who gave him refuge to help collect the remnants of the army defeated at the Irtysh. Having obtained a rather strong army under his arm, Kuchluk concluded an alliance against his overlord with the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad, who had previously paid tribute to the Karakitai. After a short but decisive military campaign, the allies were left in a big win, and the gurkhan was forced to relinquish power in favor of an intruder. In 1213, the gurkhan Chzhilugu died, and the Naiman khan became the sovereign ruler of Semirechye. Sairam, Tashkent, and the northern part of Fergana came under his rule. Having become an implacable enemy of Khorezm, Kuchluk began persecuting Muslims in his possessions, which aroused the hatred of the sedentary population of Zhetysu. The ruler of Koilyk (in the valley of the Ili river) Arslan khan, and then the ruler of Almalyk (north-west of modern Kulja) Bu-zar departed from the Naimans and declared themselves subjects of Genghis Khan.

Tomb of Genghis Khan

Where Genghis Khan was buried, it has not yet been precisely established, sources cite different places and methods of burial. According to the chronicler of the 17th century Sagan Setsen, “his real corpse, as some say, was buried on Burkhan Khaldun. Others say that they buried him on the northern slope of Altai Khan, or on the southern slope of Kentai Khan, or in an area called Yehe-Utek.

Genghis Khan's personality

The main sources by which we can judge the life and personality of Genghis Khan were compiled after his death (the "Secret Legend" is especially important among them). From these sources we get information about both the appearance of Chinggis (tall, strong build, wide forehead, long beard), and about his character traits. Coming from a people who apparently did not have a written language and developed state institutions before him, Genghis Khan was deprived of book education. With the talents of a commander, he combined organizational skills, unyielding will and self-control. He was generous and affable enough to maintain the affection of his companions. Without denying himself the joys of life, he remained a stranger to excesses incompatible with the activities of the ruler and commander, and lived to old age, retaining his mental abilities in full force.

Descendants of Genghis Khan

Temujin and his first wife Borte had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui. Only they and their descendants inherited the supreme power in the state. Temujin and Borte also had daughters:

Khojin-bags, wife of Butu-gurgen from the Ikirez clan
Tsetseihen (Chichigan), wife of Inalchi, the youngest son of the head of the Oirats, Khuduha-beki
Alangaa (Alagai, Alakha), who married the Noyon of the Onguts Buyanbald (in 1219, when Genghis Khan went to war with Khorezm, he entrusted her with state affairs in his absence, therefore she is also called Tooru dzasagchi gunji (princess-ruler))
Temulen, wife of Shiku-gurgen, son of Alchi-noyon from the Ungirats, the tribe of her mother Borte
Alduun (Altalun), who married Zavtar-setsen, noyon khongirads.

Temujin and his second wife, the Merkitka Khulan-Khatun, the daughter of Dair-usun, had sons Kulkhan (Khulugen, Kulkan) and Kharachar; and from the Tatar woman Yesugen (Esukat), the daughter of Charu-noyon, the sons of Chakhur (Jaur) and Kharhad.

The sons of Genghis Khan continued the work of their father and ruled the Mongols, as well as the conquered lands, based on the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan until the 20s of the XX century. The Manchu emperors, who ruled Mongolia and China from the 16th to the 19th century, were descendants of Genghis Khan in the female line, since they married Mongol princesses from the clan of Genghis Khan. The first Prime Minister of Mongolia of the 20th century, Sain Noyon Khan Namnansuren (1911-1919), as well as the rulers of Inner Mongolia (until 1954) were the direct descendants of Genghis Khan.

The combined genealogy of Genghis Khan was kept up to the XX century; in 1918, the religious head of Mongolia Bogdo-gegen issued an order to preserve Urgiin Bichig(family list) of Mongol princes. This monument is kept in the museum and is called "Shastra of the State of Mongolia" ( Mongol Ulsyn Shastir). Today, many direct descendants of Genghis Khan live in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (PRC), as well as in other countries.

Chronology of major events

Monument to Genghis Khan at Ulan Bator airport

1155 year- Birth of Temujin (dates 1162 and 1167 are also used in the literature).
1184 year(approximate date) - Captivity of Temujin's wife - Borte by the Merkits.
1184/85 year(approximate date) - Liberation of Borte with the support of Jamukha and Togrul. The birth of the eldest son - Jochi.
1185/86 year(approximate date) - Birth of Temujin's second son - Chagatai.
October 1186- Birth of Temujin's third son, Ogedei.
1186 year- The first ulus of Temujin (also probable dates - 1189/90), as well as defeat from Jamuqa.
1190 year(approximate date) - Birth of the fourth son of Genghis Khan - Tolui.
1196 year- The combined forces of Temujin, Togoril Khan and the Jin troops attack the Tatar tribe.
1199 year- Victory of the combined forces of Temujin, Wan Khan and Jamukha over the Naiman tribe led by Buyruk Khan.
1200 year- Victory of the joint forces of Temujin and Wang Khan over the Taichiut tribe.
1202 year- Defeat of the Tatar tribes by Temujin.
1203 year- Battle with the Kereites at Khalakhaldzhin-Elet. Baljun Treaty.
Autumn 1203- victory over kereites.
Summer of 1204- victory over the Naiman tribe led by Tayan Khan.
Autumn 1204- victory over the Merkit tribe.
Spring 1205- Attack and victory over the united forces of the remnants of the Merkit and Naiman tribe.
1205 year- Betrayal and surrender of Jamukha by his nukers to Temujin; execution of Jamukha.
1206 year- At the kurultai, Temujin is given the title "Genghis Khan".
1207 - 1210- Attacks of Genghis Khan on the Tangut state of Xi Xia.
1215 year- The fall of Beijing.
1219-1223 years- The conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan.
1223 year- the victory of the Mongols, led by Subedei and Jebe, on the Kalka River over the Russian-Polovtsian army.
Spring 1226- Attack on the state of the Tanguts of Xi Xia.
Autumn 1227- The fall of the capital and state of Xi Xia. Death of Genghis Khan.

Tribute to the memory

Genghis Khan in popular culture of the XX-XXI centuries

Film incarnations

Manuel Conde "Genghis Khan" 1950
Marvin Miller "Golden Horde" (USA, 1951)
Raymond Bromley "You Are There" (TV series, USA, 1954)
John Wayne "The Conqueror" (USA, 1956)
Roldano Lupi "I mongoli" (Italy, 1961); Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan (1964)
Tom Reid “Permette? Rocco Papaleo "(Italy, 1971)
Mondo "Shanks" (USA, 1974)
Paul Chung, The Tale of Heroes Shooting Eagles (Hong Kong, 1982)
Gel Delhi "Chengji sihan" (Mongolia, 1986)
Bolot Beishenaliev "The Death of Otrar" (USSR, Kazakhfilm,)
Richard Tyson "Genghis Khan" (USA, 1992); "Chinggis Khan: A Story of Life" (2010)
Batdorzhiin Baasanjav "Genghis Khan Equal to the Sky" (1997), "Genghis Khan" (China, 2004).
Tumen "Genghis Khan" (Mongolia, 2000)
Bogdan Stupka "The Secret of Genghis Khan" (Ukraine, 2002)
Orzhil Makhan "Genghis Khan" (Mongolia, 2005)
Douglas Kim "Chingis" (USA, 2007)
Takashi Sorimati "Aoki Ôkami: chi hate umi tsukiru made" / "Genghis Khan. To the ends of the earth and the sea "(Japan-Mongolia, 2007)
Tadanobu Asano "Mongol" (Kazakhstan-Russia, 2007)
Eduard Ondar "The Secret of Chinggis Khaan" (Russia-Mongolia-USA, 2009)

Literature

"Cruel Age" - the book of I. K. Kalashnikov
"Genghis Khan" - the first novel from the trilogy of the Soviet writer V. G. Yan
"At the behest of Genghis Khan" - a trilogy of the Yakut writer N. A. Luginov ()
"Genghis Khan" - 3 books by S. Yu. Volkov (project "Ethnogenesis") is expected to be continued
"The first nuker of Genghis Khan" and "Temujin" - books by A. S. Gatapov

Music

"Chinggis Khan" (it. Dschinghis khan) is the name of the German musical group that recorded the album of the same name and the song that represented West Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1979.
"Chinggis Khan" (eng. Chengis khan) - an instrumental composition of the British rock band "Iron Maiden" in the style of NWOBHM (new wave of British rock), the album "Killers",).
The plot of Genghis Khan's funeral served as the basis for the song "Deception" by the Russian rock group "Aria" (the album "Generator of Evil",). The song attempts to debunk the myth of Genghis Khan as a wise and just ruler.
The song of the same name by the Mongolian grunge rock group "Nisvanis" (album "Nisdeg tavag") is dedicated to Chinggis. Despite the reverent attitude towards the figure of Genghis Khan in Mongolia (which is fully reflected in the text), this song is played to a light and cheerful rock and roll melody

Rest

Genghis Khan is the protagonist of Kentaro Miura's manga King of Wolves. According to the plot of the manga, Genghis Khan is the Japanese commander Minamoto no Yoshitsune, who escaped his death in 1189.
Genghis Khan acts as the leader of the Mongol race in the Civilization computer game series.

Notes (edit)

Bibliography

Sources of

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// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
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Rashid ad-Din. Collection of chronicles / Translation from Persian by O. I. Smirnova, edited by Professor A. A. Semenov. - M., L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. - T. 1, book. 2.

Literature

Borzhigin G. N. Ertniy etseg ovgod huu urag. - M .: Mongolia, 2005;
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Grusset R. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the Universe. - M., 2008. (ZhZL series)- ISBN 978-5-235-03133-3
D'Osson K. From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane. - Paris, 1935;
Kradin N. N., Skrynnikova T. D. Empire of Genghis Khan. - M .: Publishing company "Eastern Literature" RAS, 2006. - 557 p. - 1200 copies. - ISBN 5-02-018521-3
E. I. Kychanov Keshikten of Genghis Khan (about the place of the guard in the states of nomads) // Mongolica: To the 750th anniversary of the "Secret Legend"... - M .: Science. Publishing company "Eastern Literature", 1993. - S. 148-156.
E. I. Kychanov Mongol-Tangut wars and the death of the Xi-Xia state // : Digest of articles. - M .: Nauka, 1977 .-- S. 46-61.
Petrushevsky I.P. The campaign of the Mongol troops in Central Asia in 1219-1224. and its consequences // Tatar-Mongols in Asia and Europe: Digest of articles. - M .: Science, 1977.
Sandag Sh. Formation of a unified Mongolian state and Genghis Khan // Tatar-Mongols in Asia and Europe: Digest of articles. - M .: Nauka, 1977 .-- S. 23-45.
Skrynnikova T. D. Charisma and power in the era of Genghis Khan. - M .: Publishing company "Eastern Literature" RAS, 1997. - 216 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-017987-6
Sultanov T.I. Genghis Khan and Genghisids. Destiny and power. - M .: AST: AST MOSCOW, 2006 .-- 445 p. - (Historical Library). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-035804-0
Khrapachevsky R. P. The military power of Genghis Khan. - M .: AST, Lux, 2005 .-- 560 p. - (Military History Library). - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-027916-7, ISBN 5-9660-0959-7(in lane)
A. G. Yurchenko

founder and first great khan of the Mongol Empire

short biography

Genghis Khan(Mong. Chinggis khan, ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ), proper name - Temujin, Temuchin, Temujin(Mong. Temuzhin, ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ) (c. 1155 or 1162 - August 25, 1227) - the founder and the first great khan of the Mongol Empire, who united the scattered Mongol and Turkic tribes; a commander who organized the Mongol invasion campaigns to China, Central Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Founder of the largest continental empire in human history.

After his death in 1227, the heirs of the empire were his direct descendants from his first wife Borte in the male line, the so-called Chingizids.

Pedigree

According to the Secret Legend, the ancestor of Genghis Khan was Borte-Chino, who intermarried with Goa-Maral and settled in Khentei (central-eastern Mongolia) near Mount Burkhan Khaldun. According to the assumption of Rashid ad-Din, this event took place in the middle of the VIII century. Bata-Tsagaan, Tamachi, Horichar, Uudzhim Buural, Sali-Khadzhau, Eke Nyuden, Sim-Sochi, Kharchu were born from Borte-Chino in 2-9 generations.

Borzhigidai-Mergen was born in the 10th tribe, married to Mongolzhin-goa. From them, in the 11th generation, the family tree was continued by Torokoldzhin-bagatur, who married Borochin-goa, from them Dobun-Mergen and Duva-Sokhor were born. Dobun-Mergen's wife was Alan-goa - the daughter of Horilardai-Mergen from his one of the three wives Barguzhin-Goa. Thus, the foremother of Chinggis Khan is from the Khori-tumats, one of the Buryat branches. (Secret legend. § 8. Rashid ad-Din. T. 1. Book. 2. P. 10)

The three youngest sons of Alan-goa, who were born after the death of her husband, were considered the ancestors of the Nirun Mongols ("the Mongols proper"). The Borjigins originated from the fifth, youngest son of Alan-goa Bodonchar.

Birth and adolescence

Temujin was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract on the banks of the Onon River in the family of Yesugei-bagatura from the Borjigin clan and his wife Oelun from the Olkhonut clan, whom Yesugei recaptured from the Merkit Eke-Chiledu. The boy was named after the Tatar leader Temujin-Uge captured by Yesugei, whom Yesugei defeated on the eve of his son's birth.

Temujin's year of birth remains unclear, since the main sources point to different dates. According to the only source in Genghis Khan's lifetime Meng-da bey-lu(1221) and according to the calculations of Rashid ad-Din, made by him on the basis of original documents from the archives of the Mongol khans, Temujin was born in 1155. The "History of the Yuan Dynasty" does not give an exact date of birth, but only calls the duration of Genghis Khan's life as "66 years" (taking into account the conditional year of intrauterine life, taken into account in the Chinese and Mongolian traditions of calculating of the next year of life occurred simultaneously for all Mongols with the celebration of the Eastern New Year, that is, in reality, it is more likely about 65 years old), which, when counted from the known date of his death, gives 1162 as the date of birth. However, this date is not supported by earlier authentic documents from the Mongol-Chinese chancellery of the 13th century. A number of scientists (for example, P. Pelliot or G.V. Vernadsky) indicate the year 1167, but this date remains the most vulnerable to criticism hypothesis. The newborn, as they say, squeezed a blood clot in his palm, which foreshadowed him a glorious future ruler of the world.

When his son was 9 years old, Yesugei-Bagatur married him to Borte, a 10-year-old girl from the Ungirat clan. Leaving his son in the bride's family until he comes of age, so that they get to know each other better, he went home. According to the "Secret Legend", on the way back, Yesugei lingered at the Tatars' camp, where he was poisoned. Upon returning to his native ulus, he fell ill and died three days later.

After the death of Temujin's father, his adherents left the widows (Yesugei had 2 wives) and Yesugei's children (Temujin and his brothers Hasar, Khachiun, Temuge and from his second wife, Bekter and Belgutai): the head of the Taichiut clan drove the family out of their homes, driving the whole her cattle. For several years the widows with their children lived in complete poverty, wandered in the steppes, feeding on roots, game and fish. Even in the summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter.

The leader of the Taichiuts, Targutai-Kiriltukh (a distant relative of Temujin), who declared himself the ruler of the lands once occupied by Yesugei, fearing revenge from a growing rival, began to persecute Temujin. Once an armed detachment attacked the camp of the Yesugei family. Temujin managed to escape, but he was overtaken and taken prisoner. A block was put on it - two wooden boards with a hole for the neck, which were pulled together. The block was a painful punishment: a person himself did not have the opportunity to either eat or drink, or even drive away a fly that had landed on his face.

One night, he found a way to escape and hide in a small lake, plunging into the water with the block and sticking only his nostrils out of the water. The Taichiuts searched for him in this place, but could not find him. He was noticed by a farm laborer from the Suldus tribe of Sorgan-Shira, who was among them, but did not betray Temujin. He several times passed by the escaped prisoner, calming him down and for others pretending that he was looking for him. When the night search was over, Temujin got out of the water and went to Sorgan-Shira's dwelling, hoping that he, saving one time, would help and again. However, Sorgan-Shira did not want to hide him and was about to drive Temujin away, when suddenly the sons of Sorgan stood up for the fugitive, who was then hidden in a cart with wool. When the opportunity arose to send Temujin home, Sorgan-Shira put him on a mare, supplied him with weapons and took him on the road (later Chilown, the son of Sorgan-Shira, became one of the four nukers of Genghis Khan). After some time, Temujin found his family. The Borjigins immediately migrated to another place, and the Taichiuts could not find them. At the age of 11, Temujin became friends with his peer of noble birth from the Jadaran (Jajirat) tribe, Jamuha, who later became the leader of this tribe. With him in his childhood, Temujin became a twin brother (anda) twice.

A few years later, Temujin married his betrothed Borte (by this time Boorchu appeared in Temujin's service, who was also one of the four close nukers). Borte's dowry was a luxurious sable fur coat. Temujin soon went to the most powerful of the then steppe leaders - Tooril, the Khan of the Kereite tribe. Tooril was a twin brother (anda) of Temujin's father, and he managed to enlist the support of the Kereite leader, recalling this friendship and offering Borte's fur coat with a sable. Upon Temujin's return from Togoril Khan, one old Mongol man gave him his son Dzhelme, who became one of his generals, to serve him.

Fight for hegemony in the steppe

With the support of Tooril Khan, Temujin's forces began to gradually grow. Nukers began to flock to him; he raided his neighbors, multiplying his holdings and herds. He differed from the rest of the conquerors in that during the battles he tried to keep as many people from the enemy ulus alive as possible in order to further attract them to his service.

The first serious opponents of Temujin were the Merkits, who acted in alliance with the Taichiuts. In the absence of Temujin, they attacked the Borjigin camp and captured Borte (presumably, she was already pregnant and was expecting the first son of Jochi) and Yesugei's second wife, Sochihel, Belgutai's mother. In 1184 (according to rough estimates, based on the date of birth of Ogedei), Temujin, with the help of Tooril Khan and his Kereites, as well as Jamukha from the Jajirat clan (invited by Temujin at the insistence of Tooril Khan) defeated the Merkits in the first battle in his life in the interfluve the confluence of the Chikoy and Khilok rivers with the Selenga on the territory of present-day Buryatia and returned to Borte. Belgutai's mother, Sochihel, refused to go back.

After the victory, Tooril Khan went to his horde, and Temujin and Jamuqa remained to live together in the same horde, where they again entered into an alliance of twinning, exchanging gold belts and horses. After some time (from six months to one and a half), they dispersed, while many noyons and nukers of Jamuqa joined Temujin (which was one of the reasons for Jamuqa's dislike for Temujin). Having separated, Temujin proceeded to set up his ulus, creating an apparatus for managing the horde. The first two nukers, Boorchu and Dzhelme, were appointed senior in the khan's headquarters, the command post was given to Subadei-bagatur, in the future the famous commander of Genghis Khan. In the same period, Temujin had a second son, Chagatai (the exact date of his birth is unknown) and a third son, Ogedei (October 1186). Temujin created his first small ulus in 1186 (1189/90 years are also probable) and had 3 tumen (30,000 people) troops.

Jamuqa was looking for an open quarrel with his anda. The reason was the death of Jamuha Taichar's younger brother during his attempt to steal a herd of horses from Temujin's possessions. Under the pretext of revenge, Jamukha with his army in 3 darkness moved to Temujin. The battle took place near the Gulegu mountains, between the headwaters of the Sengur River and the upper course of the Onon. In this first big battle (according to the main source "The Secret Legend of the Mongols"), Temujin was defeated.

The first major military enterprise of Temujin after the defeat from Jamukha was the war against the Tatars together with Tooril Khan. The Tatars at that time with difficulty repulsed the attacks of the Jin troops that had entered their possession. The combined troops of Tooril Khan and Temujin, joining the troops of Jin, moved on the Tatars. The battle took place in 1196. They dealt a series of strong blows to the Tatars and captured rich booty. The government of the Jurchen Jin conferred high titles on the steppe leaders as a reward for the defeat of the Tatars. Temujin received the title "Jautkhuri" (military commissar), and Tooril - "Wan" (prince), from that time he became known as Wang Khan. Temujin became a vassal of Wang Khan, whom Jin saw as the most powerful of the rulers of Eastern Mongolia.

In 1197-1198. Wang Khan, without Temujin, made a campaign against the Merkits, plundered and paid nothing to his named "son" and vassal Temujin. This marked the beginning of a new cooling. After 1198, when Jin devastated the Kungirats and other tribes, Jin's influence in Eastern Mongolia began to wane, which allowed Temujin to take possession of the eastern regions of Mongolia. At this time, Inanch-khan dies and the Naiman state breaks up into two ulus, headed by Buyruk-khan in Altai and Tayan-khan on the Black Irtysh. In 1199, Temujin, together with Wang Khan and Jamukha, jointly attacked Buyruk Khan and he was defeated. Upon returning home, the Naiman detachment blocked the way. It was decided to fight in the morning, but at night Wang Khan and Jamuqa disappeared, leaving Temujin alone in the hope that the Naimans would end him. But by the morning, Temujin found out about this and retreated without engaging in battle. The Naimans began to persecute not Temujin, but Wang Khan. The Kereits entered into a difficult battle with the Naimans, and, in the evidence of death, Wan Khan sent messengers to Temujin with a request for help. Temujin sent his nukers, among whom Boorchu, Mukhali, Borokhul and Chilown distinguished themselves in battle. For his salvation, Wang Khan bequeathed his ulus to Temujin after his death.

Joint campaign of Wang Khan and Temujin against the Taijiuts

In 1200, Wang Khan and Temujin launched a joint campaign against the Taijiuts. Merkits came to the aid of the taiichiuts. In this battle, Temujin was wounded by an arrow, after which Jelme was courting him for the next night. By morning, the Taichiuts disappeared, leaving many people behind. Among them was Sorgan-Shira, who once saved Temujin, and the well-aimed shooter Jirgoadai, who confessed that he was the one who shot Temujin. He was accepted into Temujin's army and received the nickname Jebe (arrowhead). A pursuit was organized for the taiichiuts. Many were killed, some surrendered to the service. This was the first major victory won by Temujin.

In 1201, some Mongol forces (including Tatars, Taichiuts, Merkits, Oirats and other tribes) decided to unite in the fight against Temujin. They took an oath of allegiance to Jamukha and elevated him to the throne with the title gurkhan... Upon learning of this, Temujin contacted Wang Khan, who immediately raised an army and arrived at him.

Speech against the Tatars

In 1202, Temujin independently opposed the Tatars. Before this campaign, he gave an order, according to which, under the threat of the death penalty, it was strictly forbidden to seize prey during a battle and pursue the enemy without an order: the commanders were to divide the seized property between the soldiers only at the end of the battle. The fierce battle was won, and on the advice gathered by Temujin after the battle, it was decided to destroy all Tatars, except for the children below the cart wheel, as revenge for the Mongol ancestors they had killed (in particular, for Temujin's father).

Battle of Khalakhaldzhin-Elete and the fall of the Kereite ulus

In the spring of 1203, at Khalakhaljin-Elat, the battle of Temujin's troops with the combined forces of Jamukha and Wan Khan took place (although Wan Khan did not want war with Temujin, but he was persuaded by his son Nilha-Sangum, who hated Temujin for what Wan Khan gave to him preference over his son and thought to transfer the Kereite throne to him, and Jamuqa, who claimed that Temujin was uniting with the Naiman Tayan Khan). In this battle, Temujin's ulus suffered heavy losses. But the son of Wang Khan was wounded, because of which the Kereites left the battlefield. To gain time, Temujin began to send diplomatic messages, the purpose of which was to separate both Jamukha and Wang Khan, and Wang Khan from his son. At the same time, a number of tribes that did not join either side formed a coalition against both Wang Khan and Temujin. Upon learning of this, Wang Khan attacked first and defeated them, after which he began to feast. When it was reported to Temujin, it was decided to attack with lightning speed and take the enemy by surprise. Without even stopping at night, Temujin's army overtook the Kereites and utterly defeated them in the fall of 1203. The Kereit ulus ceased to exist. Wang Khan and his son managed to escape, but ran into a guard of Naimans, and Wang Khan died. Nilha-Sangum was able to escape, but was later killed by the Uighurs.

With the fall of the Kereites in 1204, Jamukha with the remaining army joined the Naimans in the hope of Temujin's death at the hands of Tayan Khan, or vice versa. Tayan Khan saw Temujin as the only rival in the struggle for power in the Mongol steppes. Learning that the Naimans think about the attack, Temujin decided to march against Tayan Khan. But before the campaign, he began to reorganize the management of the army and the ulus. In the early summer of 1204, Temujin's army - about 45,000 horsemen - set out on a campaign against the Naimans. Tayan Khan's army at first retreated in order to lure Temujin's army into a trap, but then, at the insistence of Tayan Khan's son, Kuchluk, entered the battle. The Naimans were defeated, only Kuchluk with a small detachment managed to go to Altai to his uncle Buyuruk. Tayan Khan died, and Jamukha disappeared even before the start of the fierce battle, realizing that the Naimans could not win. In the battles with the Naimans, Khubilai, Jebe, Jelme and Subadei especially distinguished themselves.

Hike against the Merkits

Temujin, building on his success, spoke out against the Merkits, and the Merkit people fell. Tohtoa-beki, the ruler of the Merkits, fled to Altai, where he united with Kuchluk. In the spring of 1205, Temujin's army attacked Tokhtoa-beki and Kuchluk in the area of the Bukhtarma river. Tokhtoa-beks died, and his army and most of the Naimans of Kuchluk, pursued by the Mongols, drowned while crossing the Irtysh. Kuchluk with his people fled to the Kara-Kitays (southwest of Lake Balkhash). There Kuchluk managed to gather scattered detachments of Naimans and Kerait, enter into a disposition to the gurkhan and become a fairly significant political figure. The sons of Tokhtoa-beki fled to the Kypchaks, taking with them the severed head of their father. Subedei was sent to chase them.

After the defeat of the Naimans, most of the Mongols of Jamukha went over to the side of Temujin. At the end of 1205, Jamukha himself was handed over to Temujin alive by his own nukers, hoping to save their lives and curry favor, for which they were executed by Temujin as traitors. Temujin offered his friend complete forgiveness and renewed old friendship, but Jamuqa refused, saying:

"Just as there is room in the sky for only one sun, so in Mongolia there should be only one sovereign."

He asked only for a dignified death (without bloodshed). His wish was granted - Temujin's warriors broke Jamukha's spine. Rashid ad-din attributed the execution of Jamukha to Elchidai-noyon, who cut Jamukha into pieces.

Reforms of the Great Khan

Mongol Empire around 1207

In the spring of 1206, at the source of the Onon River at the kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed a great khan over all tribes and received the title “kagan”, taking the name Chingiz (Chingiz is literally “the lord of water” or, more precisely, “the ruler of the endless as the sea”). Mongolia was transformed: the scattered and warring Mongol nomadic tribes united into a single state.

A new law came into force - Yasa Genghis Khan. In Yasa, the main place was occupied by articles about mutual assistance in the campaign and the prohibition of deceiving the person who confided in him. Those who violated these regulations were executed, and the enemy of the Mongols, who remained loyal to their ruler, was spared and accepted into their army. Faithfulness and courage were considered good, and cowardice and betrayal were considered evil.

Genghis Khan divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), thereby mixing tribes and clans and appointing commanders over them specially selected people from close associates and nukers. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors who ran their household in peacetime, and took up arms in wartime. The armed forces of Genghis Khan, formed in this way, numbered about 95 thousand soldiers.

Individual hundreds, thousands and tumens, together with the territory for nomadism, were given into the possession of this or that noyon. The Great Khan, the owner of all the land in the state, distributed the land and arats in the possession of the noyons, on the condition that they would regularly fulfill certain duties for this. The most important duty was military service. Each noyon was obliged, at the first request of the overlord, to put the required number of soldiers in the field. Noyon, in his lot, could exploit the labor of the arats, distributing his livestock to them for pasture or engaging them directly to work on his farm. Small noyons served large ones.

Under Genghis Khan, the enslavement of the arats was legalized, and the unauthorized transition from one dozen, hundreds, thousands or tumen to others was prohibited. This prohibition meant the formal attachment of the arat to the land of the noyons - for disobeying the arat, the death penalty was threatened.

An armed detachment of personal bodyguards, called keshik, enjoyed exclusive privileges and was intended to fight against the khan's internal enemies. The Keshikten were selected from the Noyon youth and were under the personal command of the khan himself, being essentially the khan's guard. At first, the detachment consisted of 150 keshikten. In addition, a special detachment was created, which was to always be in the vanguard and be the first to engage in battle with the enemy. It was named a squad of heroes.

Genghis Khan created a network of communication lines, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, organized intelligence, including economic.

Genghis Khan divided the country into two "wings". At the head of the right wing, he put Boorcha, at the head of the left - Mukhali, two of his most faithful and tested companions. The position and titles of senior and high military leaders - centurions, thousanders and temniks - he made hereditary in the family of those who, with their faithful service, helped him to seize the khan throne.

Conquest of North China

In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered the land of the forest tribes, that is, they subjugated almost all the main tribes and peoples of Siberia, imposing tribute on them.

Before the conquest of China, Genghis Khan decided to secure the border by capturing the Xi-Xia Tangut state in 1207, which was located between his possessions and the Jin state. Having captured several fortified cities, in the summer of 1208, Genghis Khan withdrew to Longjin, waiting out the unbearable heat that fell that year.

Fight against the Naiman and Kara-Khitan khanates

Following China, Genghis Khan was preparing for a campaign in Central Asia. He was especially attracted by the flourishing cities of Semirechye. He decided to carry out his plan through the valley of the Ili River, where the rich cities were located and ruled by the old enemy of Genghis Khan, the Naiman Khan Kuchluk.

While Genghis Khan was conquering all the new cities and provinces of China, the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk asked the gurkhan who gave him refuge to help collect the remnants of the army defeated at the Irtysh. Having obtained a rather strong army under his arm, Kuchluk concluded an alliance against his overlord with the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad, who had previously paid tribute to the Karakitai. After a short but decisive military campaign, the allies were left in a big win, and the gurkhan was forced to relinquish power in favor of an intruder. In 1213, the gurkhan Chzhilugu died, and the Naiman khan became the sovereign ruler of Semirechye. Sairam, Tashkent, and the northern part of Fergana came under his authority. Having become an implacable enemy of Khorezm, Kuchluk began persecuting Muslims in his possessions, which aroused the hatred of the sedentary population of Zhetysu. The ruler of Koilyk (in the valley of the Ili river) Arslan khan, and then the ruler of Almalyk (north-west of modern Kulja) Bu-zar departed from the Naimans and declared themselves subjects of Genghis Khan.

In 1218, Jebe's detachments, together with the troops of the rulers of Koilyk and Almalyk, invaded the lands of the Karakitai. The Mongols conquered Semirechye and Eastern Turkestan, which Kuchluk possessed. In the first battle, Jebe defeated the Naimans. The Mongols allowed Muslims to worship in public, which was previously prohibited by the Naimans, which contributed to the transition of the entire sedentary population to the side of the Mongols. Kuchluk, unable to organize resistance, fled to Afghanistan, where he was caught and killed. The inhabitants of Balasagun opened the gates to the Mongols, for which the city was named Gobalyk - "a good city". The road to Khorezm was opened before Genghis Khan.

Conquest of Central Asia

To the west

After the capture of Samarkand (spring of 1220), Genghis Khan sent troops to capture the Khorezmshah Muhammad, who fled for the Amu Darya. The Tumens of Jebe and Subedei passed through northern Iran and invaded the South Caucasus, bringing the cities into submission by negotiation or force and collecting tribute. Having learned about the death of the Khorezmshah, the noyons continued their march to the west. Through the Derbent passage, they penetrated the North Caucasus, defeated the Alans, and then the Polovtsians. In the spring of 1223, the Mongols defeated the combined forces of the Russians and Polovtsians on Kalka, but when retreating to the east, they were defeated in the Volga Bulgaria. The remnants of the Mongol troops in 1224 returned to Genghis Khan, who was in Central Asia.

Death

Upon his return from Central Asia, Genghis Khan once again led his army through Western China. According to Rashid ad-din, in the fall of 1225, having migrated to the borders of Xi Xia, while hunting, Genghis Khan fell from his horse and was badly hurt. By evening, Genghis Khan began to have a strong fever. As a result, the next morning a council was assembled, on which the question was "whether or not to postpone the war with the Tanguts." The council was not attended by the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, to whom there was already a strong distrust, due to his constant evasion of his father's orders. Genghis Khan ordered the army to march against Jochi and put an end to him, but the campaign did not take place, as news of his death came. Genghis Khan fell ill throughout the winter of 1225-1226.

In the spring of 1226, Genghis Khan again led the army, and the Mongols crossed the Xi-Xia border in the lower reaches of the Edzin-Gol River. The Tanguts and some allied tribes were defeated and lost several tens of thousands killed. Genghis Khan gave the civilian population to the stream and plundered the army. This was the beginning of Genghis Khan's last war. In December, the Mongols crossed the Yellow River and entered the eastern regions of Xi-Xia. Near Lingzhou, there was a clash of a hundred thousand army of the Tanguts with the Mongols. The Tangut army was completely defeated. The way to the capital of the Tangut kingdom was now open.

In the winter of 1226-1227. the last siege of Zhongxing began. In the spring and summer of 1227, the Tangut state was destroyed, and the capital was doomed. The fall of the capital of the Tangut kingdom is directly related to the death of Genghis Khan, who died under its walls. According to Rashid ad-din, he died before the fall of the Tangut capital. According to Yuan-shi, Genghis Khan died when the capital's residents began to surrender. The Secret Legend tells that Genghis Khan accepted the Tangut ruler with gifts, but feeling bad, ordered to kill him. And then he ordered to take the capital and put an end to the Tangut state, after which he died. Sources name different causes of death - a sudden illness, illness from the unhealthy climate of the Tangut state, a consequence of a fall from a horse. It is established with confidence that he died in early autumn (or late summer) of 1227 on the territory of the Tangut state immediately after the fall of the capital Zhongxing (the modern city of Yinchuan) and the destruction of the Tangust state.

There is a version that Genghis Khan was stabbed to death by a young wife at night, whom he forcibly took away from her husband. Fearing for what she had done, she drowned herself in the river that very night.

According to the will, Genghis Khan was succeeded by his third son Ogedei.

Tomb of Genghis Khan

Where Genghis Khan was buried, it has not yet been precisely established, sources cite different places and methods of burial. According to the 17th century chronicler Sagan-Setsen, “his real corpse, as some say, was buried on Burkhan-Khaldun. Others say that they buried him on the northern slope of Altai Khan, or on the southern slope of Kentai Khan, or in an area called Yehe-Utek. "

Genghis Khan's personality

Descendants

Temujin and his first wife Borte had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui. Only they and their descendants inherited the supreme power in the state. Temujin and Borte also had daughters:

Khojin-bags, wife of Butu-Gurgen from the Ikires family.
Tsetseihen (Chichigan), wife of Inalchi, the youngest son of the head of the Oirats, Khuduha-beki.
Alangaa (Alagai, Alakha), who married the Noyon of the Onguts Buyanbald (in 1219, when Genghis Khan went to war with Khorezm, he entrusted her with state affairs in his absence, therefore she is also called Toru dzasagchi gunji (princess-ruler).
Temulen, wife of Shiku-Gurgen, son of Alchi-noyon from the Ungirats, the tribe of her mother Borte.
Alduun (Altalun), who married Zavtar-Setsen, noyon khongirads.

Board results

During the conquest of the Naimans, Genghis Khan got acquainted with the beginnings of written clerical work, some of the Uighurs who were in the service of the Naimans entered the service of Genghis Khan and were the first officials in the Mongol state and the first teachers of the Mongols. Apparently, Genghis Khan hoped to subsequently replace the Uyghurs with ethnic Mongols, since he ordered the noble Mongolian youths, including his sons, to learn the language and writing of the Uyghurs. After the spread of Mongol rule, even during the life of Genghis Khan, the Mongols also used the services of officials and priests of the conquered peoples, primarily the Chinese and Persians. In Mongolia, the Uyghur alphabet is still used. In the field of foreign policy, Genghis Khan sought to maximize the limits of the territory under his control. The strategy and tactics of Genghis Khan were characterized by careful reconnaissance, suddenness of the attack, the desire to dismember the enemy's forces, the organization of ambushes using special detachments to lure the enemy, maneuvering large masses of cavalry, etc.

Temujin and his descendants swept the great and ancient states from the face of the earth: the state of the Khorezmshahs, the Chinese Empire, the Baghdad Caliphate, Volga Bulgaria, most of the Russian principalities were conquered. Huge territories were put under the control of the steppe law - "Yasy".

In 1220, Genghis Khan founded Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire.

Chronology of major events

1155 year- Birth of Temujin (dates 1162 and 1167 are also used in the literature).
1184 year(approximate date) - Captivity of Temujin's wife - Borte by the Merkits.
1184/85 year(approximate date) - Liberation of Borte with the support of Jamukha and Togrul. The birth of the eldest son - Jochi.
1185/86 year(approximate date) - Birth of Temujin's second son - Chagatai.
October 1186- Birth of Temujin's third son, Ogedei.
1186 year- The first ulus of Temujin (also probable dates - 1189/90), as well as defeat from Jamuqa.
1190 year(approximate date) - Birth of the fourth son of Genghis Khan - Tolui.
1196 year- The combined forces of Temujin, Togoril Khan and the Jin troops attack the Tatar tribe.
1199 year- Victory of the combined forces of Temujin, Wan Khan and Jamukha over the Naiman tribe led by Buyruk Khan.
1200 year- Victory of the joint forces of Temujin and Wang Khan over the Taichiut tribe.
1202 year- Defeat of the Tatar tribes by Temujin.
1203 year- Battle with the Kereites at Khalakhaldzhin-Elet. Baljun Treaty.
Autumn 1203- Victory over the Kereites.
Summer of 1204- Victory over the Naiman tribe led by Tayan Khan.
Autumn 1204- Victory over the Merkit tribe.
Spring 1205- Attack and victory over the united forces of the remnants of the Merkit and Naiman tribe.
1205 year- Betrayal and surrender of Jamukha by his nukers to Temujin; execution of Jamukha.
1206 year- At the kurultai, Temujin is given the title "Genghis Khan".
1207 - 1210- Attacks of Genghis Khan on the Tangut state of Xi Xia.
1215 year- The fall of Beijing.
1219-1223 years- The conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan.
1223 year- The victory of the Mongols, led by Subedei and Jebe, on the Kalka River over the Russian-Polovtsian army.
Spring 1226- Attack on the state of the Tanguts of Xi Xia.
Autumn 1227- The fall of the capital and state of Xi Xia. Death of Genghis Khan.

Tribute to the memory

In 1962, in honor of the 800th anniversary of the birth of Genghis Khan, a memorial stele with his portrait was installed in the Dadal somon of the Khentei aimag by the sculptor L. Makhval.
Since 1991, the image of Genghis Khan began to be placed on banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 and 20,000 Mongolian tugriks.
In 2000, the New York magazine "Time" declared Genghis Khan "the man of the millennium."
In 2002, by order of the Mongolian State Art Museum, the Order of Genghis Khan was established ( "Chinggis khan" odon) - the new highest award of the country. The Democratic Party of Mongolia has as the highest party award an order with a similar name - the Order of Chinggis ( Chinggisiin odon). Genghis Khan Square was built in Hailar (PRC).
In 2005, the Buyant-Ukha International Airport in Ulaanbaatar was renamed the Genghis Khan Airport. A monument is erected on the Hailar square of Genghis Khan.
In 2006, a monument to Genghis Khan and his two commanders, Mukhali and Boorch, was erected in front of the Palace of the Government of Mongolia on the central square of the capital.
In 2008, a monument was erected at a crossroads near Ulaanbaatar International Airport. The equestrian statue of Genghis Khan was completed in the Tsongzhin-Boldog area of the Tuve aimag.
In 2011, Chinggis Airways was founded in Mongolia.
In 2012, an equestrian statue of Genghis Khan was installed in London by the Russian sculptor D. B. Namdakov. The birthday of Genghis Khan in Mongolia is officially declared the first day of the first winter month according to the lunar calendar (in 2012 - November 14), which has become a public holiday and a day off - the Day of Pride of Mongolia. The celebration program includes a ceremony honoring his statue in the central square of the capital.
In 2013, the name of Genghis Khan was given to the main square of the capital of Mongolia. The decision was reversed in 2016.

In popular culture of the XX-XXI centuries

Film incarnations

Manuel Conde and Salvador Lu "Genghis Khan" (Philippines, 1950)
Marvin Miller "Golden Horde" (USA, 1951)
Raymond Bromley "You Are There" (TV series, USA, 1954)
John Wayne "The Conqueror" (USA, 1956)
Roldano Lupi "I mongoli" (Italy, 1961); Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan (1964)
Omar Sharif "Genghis Khan" (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, USA, 1965)
Tom Reid “Permette? Rocco Papaleo "(Italy, 1971)
Mondo "Shanks" (USA, 1974)
Paul Chung, The Tale of Heroes Shooting Eagles (Hong Kong, 1982)
Gel Delhi "Genghis Khan" (China, 1986)
Bolot Beishenaliev "The Death of Otrar" (USSR, Kazakhfilm, 1991)
Richard Tyson "Genghis Khan" (USA, 1992); "Chinggis Khan: A Story of Life" (2010)
Batdorzhiin Baasanjav "Equal to the sky of Genghis Khan" (1997); "Genghis Khan" (China, 2004)
Tumen "Genghis Khan" (Mongolia, 2000)
Bogdan Stupka "The Secret of Genghis Khan" (Ukraine, 2002)
Orzhil Makhan "Genghis Khan" (Mongolia, 2005)
Douglas Kim "Chingis" (USA, 2007)
Takashi Sorimati “Genghis Khan. To the ends of the earth and the sea "(Japan-Mongolia, 2007)
Tadanobu Asano "Mongol" (Kazakhstan-Russia, 2007)
Edward Ondar "The Mystery of Chinggis Khaan" (Russia-Mongolia-USA, 2009)

Documentaries

Secrets of Antiquity. Barbarians. Part 2. Mongols (USA; 2003)

Literature

"Young hero Temujin" (Mong. Baatar hөvgүүn Temuzhin) - play by S. Buyannemekh (1927)
"White Cloud of Genghis Khan" - a story included in the novel by Chingiz Aitmatov "And the day lasts longer than a century"
"Raisud" - a grotesque fantasy story by O. E. Khafizov
"The Cruel Age" - a historical novel by I. K. Kalashnikov (1978)
"Genghis Khan" - the first novel from the trilogy of the Soviet writer V. G. Yan (1939)
"At the behest of Genghis Khan" - a trilogy of the Yakut writer N. A. Luginov (1998)
"Genghis Khan" - S. Yu. Volkov's trilogy (project "Ethnogenesis")
"The first nuker of Genghis Khan" and "Temujin" - books by A. S. Gatapov
"Lord of War" - book by I. I. Petrov
"Genghis Khan" - a dilogy of the German writer Kurt David ("Black Wolf" (1966), "Tengeri, son of the Black Wolf" (1968))
"The Way to the Other End of Infinity" - Arvo Walton
The Will of Heaven - Historical Novel by Arthur Lundqvist
Mongol is a novel by American writer Taylor Caldwell
"Genghis Khan" - a drama by the Belgian writer Henri Boschot (1960)
"Master of the Universe" - a novel by the American writer Pamela Sargent (1993)
"Bones of the Hills" - a novel by the English writer Egullden Conn

Music

"Dschinghis Khan" is the name of a German musical group that recorded the album and song of the same name.
"Genghis Khan" - instrumental composition of the British rock band Iron Maiden (album "Killers", 1981)

We all know that Genghis Khan was a great conqueror, but not all facts of his biography are known to the general public. Here are some of them.

1. According to legend, Genghis Khan was born holding a blood clot in his fist, which foretold him the fate of a great ruler. Temujin's year of birth remains unclear, since sources indicate different dates: 1162, 1155 or 1167. In Mongolia, Genghis Khan's date of birth is November 4.

2. According to the description, Genghis Khan was tall, red-haired, with green ("feline") eyes and wore a beard.

3. The unusual appearance of Genghis Khan is due to the unique mixture of Asian and European genes in Mongolia.

4. Genghis Khan created the Mongol Empire, uniting disparate tribes from China to Russia.

5. The Mongol Empire became the largest unified state in history. It stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe.

6. Genghis Khan left a huge offspring. He believed that the more offspring a person has, the more significant he is. There were several thousand women in his harem, and many of them gave birth to children from him.

7. About 8 percent of Asian men are descendants of Genghis Khan. Genetic studies have shown that approximately 8 percent of Asian males carry Genghis Khan genes on their Y chromosomes due to his sexual exploits.

8. Some of Genghis Khan's military campaigns ended with the complete destruction of the entire population or tribe, even women and children.

9. According to research by individual scientists, Genghis Khan is responsible for the deaths of more than 40 million people.

10. Nobody knows where Genghis Khan is buried.

11. According to some reports, the grave of Genghis Khan was flooded with a river. Presumably, he demanded that his grave be flooded with a river so that no one could disturb her.

12. Genghis Khan's real name is Temuchin. This name was given to him at birth. That was the name of the military leader who was defeated by his father.

13. At the age of 10, Genghis Khan killed one of his brothers while fighting for the prey that they brought together from the hunt.

14. At the age of 15, Genghis Khan was captured and fled, which later brought him recognition.

15. Genghis Khan was nine when he met his future wife Borte. His father chose the bride.

16. Genghis Khan married Borte, who was two years older than him, at the age of 16 , thus consolidating the union of the two tribes.

17. Although Genghis Khan had many concubines, Borte was still the empress.

18. The Merkit tribe kidnapped the wife of the future Shaker of the Universe as revenge on Genghis Khan's father. Then Genghis Khan attacked and defeated the enemies, and returned Borte. Soon she gave birth to a son - Jochi. However, Genghis Khan did not recognize him as his own.

19. Many peoples swore allegiance to Temuchin, and he became their ruler, or khan. Then he changed his name to Chingiz, which means "right".

20. Genghis Khan replenished the ranks of his army with captives from the tribes he conquered, and thus his army grew.

21. In the war, Genghis Khan used numerous "dirty" methods, did not shy away from espionage and built cunning military tactics.

22. Genghis Khan really did not like traitors and guest-killers . When the Persians decapitated the Mongol ambassador, Genghis was enraged and killed 90 percent of their people.

23. According to some estimates, the population of Iran (formerly Persia) could not reach the pre-Mongol level until the 1900s.

24. During the conquest of the Naimans, Genghis Khan got acquainted with the beginnings of writing. Some of the Uighurs who were in the service of the Naimans went into the service of Genghis Khan and were the first officials in the Mongol state and the first teachers of the Mongols. The Uyghur alphabet is still used in Mongolia.

25. The basis of Genghis Khan's power is solidarity . In the "Secret Legend of the Mongols," the only epic about the Mongols of the Khan's time that has survived to this day, it is written: "Do not destroy your consent, do not untie that knot of unanimity that you have tied. Do not cut your own gate."

The world famous name Genghis Khan is not really a name - it is a title. After all, khans in Russia were called military princes. The real name of Chinggis Khan is Timur, or Timur Chin (in a distorted pronunciation Temuchin or Temujin). The prefix Chinggis denotes rank, position, title, in other words - rank and title.

Temujin received the high title of a major military leader thanks to his military merits, his desire to support and protect a strong united single Slavic state with a large and reliable army.

The discrepancy between the name Temujin - Temuchin is now explained by the transcriptional problems of translations from different foreign languages. Hence the discrepancy in the title: Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan, or Genghis Khan. However, the Russian version of the sound of the name Timur, which for some reason is least of all used by historians and scientists, does not fit into this system of explanations, as if they do not notice his name. Historians in general have problems with the spelling and pronunciation of the famous names of figures whose life belongs to that period can be easily explained with the help of false statements that at that time there was no written language in all countries of the world.

And the deliberate distortion of the name of the people "Mughals" and their transformation into "Mongols" can not be explained by anything, except as a large-scale organized system of distortion of the facts of the past.

Genghis Khan. Strong personality in world history

The main source according to which historians study the life and personality of Temujin was compiled after his death - "The Secret Legend". But the reliability of the data is not obvious, although it was from him that classical information was obtained about the appearance and character of the ruler of the Mongol tribes. Genghis Khan possessed a great gift of a commander, had good organizational skills and self-control; his will was unyielding, his character strong. At the same time, chroniclers note his generosity and friendliness, which kept his subordinates attached to him. He did not deny himself the joys of life, but was alien to excesses, incompatible with the dignity of a ruler and commander. He lived a long life, retaining mental abilities and strength of character until his old age.

Let historians argue today about which letter to write in this or that name, something else is important - Temujin lived a bright, charismatic life, rose to the level of a ruler, played his role in world history. Now he can be condemned or praised - perhaps his actions are worthy of both, a controversial issue, but it is no longer possible to change something in the historical development. But to find the truth among the imposed sea of distortions of real facts is very important, as well as to catch the lie itself.

Disputes about the appearance of Genghis Khan - the field of historians

The only portrait of Chinggis Khan (Emperor Taizu), recognized and permitted by historians, is kept in Taiwan in the Taipei Palace National Museum.

An interesting portrait of the Mongol ruler has survived, which historians persistently insist on being considered the only genuine one. It is kept in the National Museum of Taiwan, in the Taipei Palace. It is prescribed to consider that the portrait (590 * 470 mm) has survived from the time of the Yuan rulers. However, modern studies of the quality of fabrics and threads have shown that the woven image dates back to 1748. But it was in the 18th century that the global stage of falsification of the history of the whole world, including Russia and China, took place. So this is another falsification of historians.

The justifying version states that such images refer to works of authorship, and the author has the right to his own vision of the person and character. But the portrait was clearly woven by the hands of a skilled craftswoman, on it the fine lines of wrinkles and folds on the face, hair in the beard and braid, are so detailed that there is no doubt that a real person is depicted. But who? After all, Genghis Khan died in 1227, that is, five centuries before the start of the process of mass falsifications.

Miniature by Marco Polo "Chinggis Khan's wedding to the kingdom." The great commander is crowned with a three-leafed crown - an attribute of European rulers.

Undoubtedly, from the time of the reign of the Manchus, historical and cultural treasures have survived to this day. From the Middle State, they were transferred to the next conquerors and transported to Beijing. The collection contains more than 500 portraits of rulers, their wives, sages and great people of the era. Here are identified portraits of eight khans of the Mongol dynasties, seven wives of khans. However, again skeptical scientists have a question of authenticity and reliability - are those khans, and whose wives?

The hieroglyphic writing of China was radically "modernized" by several rulers in a row. And who needed such labor? All the same figures from the Torah, who put things in order in the annals and destroyed "unnecessary" traces.

During the change of the alphabet, manuscripts were brought from all over the Chinese Empire and completely rewritten. And the "outdated" originals were stored in the archive? No, they were simply destroyed as if they did not comply with the new rules!
This is where there is room for distortion ...

Is this the Khan, and is it Khan

Until recently, the drawing was considered "medieval" now - a confirmed forgery, one of many claiming that Chigis Khan is a Mongoloid.

There are many similar reproductions of Genghis Khan from different eras and authors. A drawing by an unknown Chinese master made in ink on silk fabric is quite common. Here Temujin is depicted in full growth, on his head is a Mongolian hat, in his right hand is a Mongolian bow, behind his back is a quiver with arrows, his left hand rests on the hilt of a saber in a painted sheath. This is the same typical depiction of a representative of the Mongolian race.

What did Genghis Khan look like? Other sources

Chinese drawing of the 13-15th centuries depicts Genghis Khan on a falconry. As you can see, Genghis Khan is not a Mongoloid at all! A typical Slav, with a gorgeous beard.

In a Chinese drawing of the 13th-14th centuries, Temujin is depicted while hunting with falcons, here the master depicted him as a typical Slav with a bushy beard.

Not a Mongoloid!

M. Polo in the miniature "The Wedding of Genghis Khan to the Kingdom" paints Temujin as a pure Slav. The traveler dressed the entire retinue of the ruler in European clothes, crowning the commander with a crown with three-leafed leaves, an obvious attribute of European rulers. The sword in the hands of Genghis Khan is truly Russian, heroic.

The Borjigin ethnic group has not survived to this day

The famous Persian scientist-encyclopedist Rashid ad-Din in the "Collection of Chronicles" presents several images of Genghis Khan with truly Mongolian features. However, a number of historians have proved that the Borjigin tribe, from which Genghis Khan originated, have other facial features that are fundamentally different from the Mongoloid group of peoples.

"Borjigin" translated into Russian means "blue-eyed". The eyes of the ancient Mughal genus are "dark blue" or "blue-green", the pupil is edged with a brown rim. In this case, all descendants of the genus must look different, which is not traced in the available publicly available archival images of the alleged Temujin family.

Genghis Khan.

Russian researcher L.N. Gumilyov in the book "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe" describes the disappeared ethnos as follows: "The ancient Mongols were ... a tall people, bearded, fair-haired and blue-eyed ...". Temuchin stood out for his tall stature, stately bearing, had a wide forehead, and wore a long beard. L.N. Gumilyov deduced the concept of passionarity, and it is to her that he attributes the complete disappearance of small ethnic nationalities, many of which have not survived to this day in their pure form, including the Borjigins
http://ru-an.info/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0% B8% D0% BC% D0% B0% D0% B5% D0% BC-% D0% BE% D0% B1% D0% B2% D0% B8% D0% BD% D0% B5% D0% BD% D0% B8 % D1% 8F-% D1% 81-% D0% BC% D0% BE% D0% BD% D0% B3% D0% BE% D0% BB% D0% BE-% D1% 82% D0% B0% D1% 82% D0% B0% D1% 80 /

Death of Genghis Khan

Death of Genghis Khan.

Several "plausible" versions have been invented, each of which has its own adherents.

1. From falling from a horse while hunting wild horses - the official option.
2. From a lightning strike - according to Plano Carpini.
3. From a wound with an arrow in the knee - according to the story of Marco Polo.
4. From the wound inflicted by the Mongolian beauty Kyurbeldishin-Khatun, by the Tangut khansha - a Mongolian legend.
One thing is clear - he did not die a natural death, but they tried to hide the true cause of death by launching false versions.

The burial place is classified. According to legend, the body rests on Mount Burkhan Khaldun. Buried there: the youngest son Tului, with children Kublai Khan, Mongke Khan, Arik Buga and other children. There are no gravestones in the cemetery, so that it would not be plundered. The secret place is overgrown with dense forest and is protected from European travelers by the Uryankhai tribes.

Conclusion

It turns out that the Mongol Genghis Khan was a tall, fair-haired Slav with blue eyes !!! These are the Mughals!

In addition to the "official" perjury recognized by science, there are others that are not noticed by the "luminaries", according to which Timur - Chingiz Khan does not look like a Mongoloid at all. Mongoloids have dark eyes, black hair and short stature. No resemblance to the Slavic Aryans. Nevertheless, it is not customary to talk about such a discrepancy.

After such unexpected results, I want to check what other figures of the Mughal nationality looked like during the three-hundred-year-old Mongol-Tatar yoke.