Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, general of infantry. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars. He began his service in the "amusing" troops of Peter l. Member of the Azov campaigns in 1695-1696. Military training on the orders of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698, he drew up the "Military Regulations", which / provided for and strictly prescribed the duties of military officials. He took part in drawing up the "Military Regulations" in 1716. During the Northern War he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was taken prisoner and remained there until 1710. In the Prut campaign he also commanded a division. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, Mecklenburg. Particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. Since 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.
Greig Samuel Karlovich(1736-1788) - military leader, admiral (1782). Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy
Sciences (1783). A native of Scotland. Served as a volunteer in the English Navy. In Russia since 1764, he was hired by the captain of the 1st rank. He commanded a number of warships of the Baltic Fleet. During the Mediterranean expedition of the squadron of Admiral G. A. Spiridov, he was the adviser on naval affairs to A. G. Orlov. In the Battle of Chesme, he commanded a detachment that destroyed the Turkish fleet, for which he was awarded hereditary nobility. In 1773-1774. commanded a new squadron sent from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean. In May 1775, he delivered Princess Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov, to St. Petersburg. From 1777 - chief of a naval division. In 1788 he was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. Defeated the Swedes in the Hogland naval battle. He made a great contribution to the rearmament of the Russian fleet, the reconstruction of ports and naval bases.
Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began his service as a warrant officer in 1759. Then he served as an adjutant of PI Shuvalov, adjutant general of Peter III's uncle, Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / Since 1763 - the commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in the battles of Khotin (1769), at Larga (1770), Cahul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in the Ukraine. Then he was the Ryazan and Tambov Governor-General, Inspector General (1787-1796). In November 1790, I was appointed commander of the Kuban corps and I was the head of the Caucasian line. At the head of the 7-thousandth detachment, he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the annexation of the territory of Dagestan to Russia. In 1796. retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. Since 1798 - Kiev, then Podolsk Governor-General. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800 he was dismissed for criticizing the military reform of Paul I. In 1806 he returned to service and was appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in Georgia and Dagestan. Since 1809 - commander-in-chief in Moscow, member of the Indispensable (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. From 1812 - retired.
Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military leader, general-in-chief, brother of N.I. Panin. During the Seven Years War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, showing himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd army, took the Vendor fortress by storm. In 1770 he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.
Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military leader, Field Marshal (1725). One of Peter's companions !. Since 1685 - lieutenant of the "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - Major General. Member of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of the regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was reinstated in the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.
Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military leader and diplomat, Field Marshal (1796). Served as an officer since 1749. Participant of the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763. ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770 he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, participated in the development of conditions for the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace. In the years 1775-1776. ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of GA Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.
Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725 - 1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, Field Marshal (1770), Count (1744). Enrolled in the guard at the age of six, from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743, his father sent him to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo peace treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. At the same time, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself at Groß-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - General-in-Chief. After the overthrow of Peter III - in disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian Collegium and Governor-General of Little Russia (he remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at the Pockmarked Grave, Larga and Cahul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 he was given the honorary name Zadunaiskiy. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791. commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Poland. Outstanding military theorist - "Instructions" (1761), "Rite of Service" (1770), "Thoughts" (1777).
Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. He took part in the Seven Years War. Since 1762 - Major General. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - General-in-Chief, Vice-President of the Military Collegium and Trustee of the heir to Pavel Petrovich. Since 1783 he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Constantine and Alexander. Since 1788 - acting. O. President of the Military Collegium. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802. - President of the Military Collegium. In 1807 he was the leader of the militia. In the years 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.
Saltykov Petr Semyonovich(1696-1772) - military leader, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). He began training in military affairs under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 30s. Since 1734 - Major General. Participated in hostilities in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - General-in-Chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years War, he commanded the Landmilitia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved himself to be an outstanding commander, defeating the Prussian troops at Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed Governor-General of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.
Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the navy since 1723 he sailed in the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic seas. From 1741 - commander of a battleship. Member of the Russian-Turkish War of 1735-1739, Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - Rear Admiral. From 1764 - the chief commander of the Revelsky, and from 1766 - the Kronstadt port. From 1769 - commander of a squadron that made the transition to the Mediterranean. He successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Chios Strait (1770) and in the Battle of Chesme (1770). In 1771-1773. commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742 he was enrolled in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment. He began his service as a corporal in 1748. with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761. participated in hostilities against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. Since 1773 - on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won the first victory at Turtukai, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774 he put to flight the 40-thousandth army of the Turks at Kozludzha, having only 18 thousand people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. in the rank of general-in-chief was appointed corps commander. In 1787 he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Fokshany and Rymnik. In 1790 he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm. From 1791 - commander of the troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. Participated in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he compiled his main military book "The Science of Victory", in which he formulated the essence of the tactics used by him in the well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and sent to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia's allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander of the allied forces in Italy, where through his efforts in just six months the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, undertook the most difficult campaign to Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was again dismissed. He died in exile.
The rules of war D.V.Suvorov
1. To act only offensively. 2. In the campaign - speed, in the attack - impetuosity; steel arms. 3. No need for methodism, but a true military view. 4. Full power to the commander-in-chief. 5. Hit and attack the enemy in the field. 6. Do not waste time in sieges; perhaps some Mainz as a folding point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, and best of all, an open assault. - There is less loss. 7. Never crush the forces to occupy points. Bypassing the enemy - so much the better: he himself goes to defeat ... End 1798-1799 Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799) .. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. He served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788. the vanguard of the Black Sea squadron led by him played a decisive role in the victory over the Turkish fleet at about. Fidonisi. From 1789 - Rear Admiral. From 1790 - Commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), at about. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - Vice Admiral. He led the campaign of a military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 he stormed the fortress on the island. Corfu. During the Italian campaign, Suvorov (1799) contributed to the expulsion of the French from southern Italy, blocking their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding the landing forces that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was withdrawn at the request of the Allies in 1800. From 1807 - retired.
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Formation of the structure of the army in the 18th century. Armament and uniforms were modified in the early 18th century to follow European patterns. The infantry was armed with smooth-bore rifles with bayonets, swords, hatchets, grenades, dragoons - carbines, pistols and broadswords. The officers also had halberds, a ceremonial weapon rather than a combat one. In 1711, a quartermaster unit was created. In 1716, Peter I developed and approved the "Military Regulations", according to which the organizational structure of the Russian army was determined: three types of troops (infantry, cavalry and artillery). The basis of the regular army was the infantry. In 1719, the highest military body was established - the Military Collegium. In 1722, a system of ranks (ranks) was introduced - the Table of Ranks, the "clans" and "types" (in the modern sense) of the armed forces were determined (distinguished): ground forces, guards, artillery troops and the navy.
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Formation of the structure of the army in the 18th century (continued). In the second half of the 18th century, huntsmen appeared in the infantry, cuirassiers and hussars in the cavalry. Flintlock rifles of the 1753 model were adopted for service. In 1757, a new type of artillery piece was developed - an elongated howitzer - "unicorn", in the same year, by order of General Feldzheichmeister PI Shuvalov, the first "unicorns" entered service with the Russian army. In 1762, the "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility" was adopted, according to which the nobles were exempted from the obligatory 25-year civil and military service, received the right to retire and travel abroad. In 1763, the General Staff was created. Since 1774, recruitment kits have become annual. In 1783, a new, lighter and more comfortable uniform was introduced. In 1793, the term of military service for soldiers and lower ranks was reduced from life to 25 years.
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Manning the army in the first half of the 18th century. Since 1703, a unified principle of manning the army with soldiers is introduced, a recruitment set, which will exist in the Russian Army until 1874. Recruitment kits were announced irregularly by decree of the tsar, depending on the needs of the army. The initial training of recruits was carried out directly in the regiments, but from 1706 training was introduced at recruit stations. The term of the soldier's service was not determined (for life). A person subject to conscription could put up a replacement for himself. Only those who were completely unfit for service were fired.
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Manning the army in the first half of the 18th century (continued). The army was initially recruited for money (a voluntary principle) from among foreign mercenaries, but after the defeat at Narva on 11/19/1700, Peter I introduced the compulsory recruitment of all young noblemen into the guard by soldiers, who, after completing training, were released into the army as officers. Thus, the guards regiments also played the role of officer training centers. The service life of the officers was also not determined. Refusal to serve as an officer entailed deprivation of the nobility. From 1736, the service life of officers was limited to 25 years. In 1731, the first educational institution for the training of officers was opened - the Cadet Corps (however, for the training of officers of artillery and engineering troops, the "School of the Pushkar Order" was opened back in 1701). Since 1737, it has been forbidden to produce illiterate officers as officers.
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Manning the army in the second half of the 18th century. By the middle of the 18th century. the Russian army numbered 331 thousand people. In 1761, Peter III issued a decree "On the freedom of the nobility". Nobles are exempt from compulsory military service. They can choose military or civilian service at their discretion. From this moment on, the recruitment of officers to the army becomes purely voluntary. In 1762 the General Staff was organized. In the army, permanent formations are created: divisions and corps, which included all types of troops, and could independently solve various tactical tasks. The main combat arm was the infantry.
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Manning the army in the second half of the 18th century (continued). In 1766, a document was published that streamlined the system of manning the army. It was "The General Institution on the collection of a recruit in the state and on the procedures which should be performed when recruiting." In addition to serfs and state peasants, the recruitment service was extended to the merchants, courtyards, yasak, black-haired, clergy, foreigners, persons assigned to state-owned factories. A monetary contribution instead of a recruit was allowed only to artisans and merchants. The age of the recruits was set from 17 to 35 years old, the height is not less than 159cm. After his accession to the throne, Paul I decisively and cruelly broke the vicious practice of the fake service of noble children. Since 1797, only graduates of cadet classes and schools, and non-commissioned officers from the nobility who have served for at least three years, could be promoted to officers. Non-commissioned officers from non-nobility could receive an officer's rank after 12 years of service.
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Great generals of the 18th century. Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739-1791) The future His Serene Highness Prince Tavrichesky and General-Field Marshal was born in the village. Chizhovo of the Dukhovishchensky district of the Smolensk province in the family of a retired officer. In 1755 he entered military service. In the rank of sergeant-major he participated in the palace coup in 1762 and after the accession of Empress Catherine II was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. In 1774 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium. In 1766 he was appointed Governor-General of Novorossiysk, Azov, Astrakhan. In this position, he contributed to the development of the Northern Black Sea region by Russia, contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. G.A. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Yekaterinoslav army. The Black Sea Fleet was handed over to him. In 1788 he led the siege and assault on the Achi-Kale fortress (Ochakov), which was of great strategic importance.
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Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744-1817) The great Russian naval commander was born in the village. Burnakovo of the Romanovsky district of the Yaroslavl province in a poor noble family. In 1766 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, then served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 Ushakov was assigned to the Don (Azov) flotilla, took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768–1774. From 1775 Ushakov commanded a frigate, in 1780 he was appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but soon abandoned his court career. In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. In 1789 Ushakov was promoted to rear admiral, and in 1790 he was appointed commander of the entire Black Sea Fleet. In the decisive battle at Cape Kaliakria near Varna (July 31, 1791), the fleet under the command of Ushakov destroyed the Turkish fleet, which led to an early end of the war. In 1793 Ushakov was promoted to vice admiral. In 1798, at the request of the Western powers, he led the campaign of the Russian Black Sea squadron in the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France. At the beginning of 1799 Russian landings liberated the Greek Ionian Islands from the French. Ushakov's squadron was recalled by Emperor Paul I from the Mediterranean and returned to Sevastopol in the fall of 1800. Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, did not recognize and did not appreciate the great merits of the Russian admiral. In 1807 Ushakov was dismissed due to illness.
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Great generals of the 18th century (continued). Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809) Enlisted in the naval service in the Russian fleet as a midshipman in 1742. He was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764, he was appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find sea route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and further to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to fulfill the task assigned to him, but both Chichagov's expeditions attempts to pass the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Rear Admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don Flotilla defending the Kerch Strait. In 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790 commanded the Baltic Fleet, directed the actions of the Russian squadrons in the Eland and Revel naval battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships, during which Russian sailors destroyed and captured many enemy ships. For this victory he was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class. Since 1797 - retired.
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Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov is a famous Russian commander, Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799). Born into the family of General-in-Chief V.I. Suvorov. In 1742 he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Semyonovsky Life Guards regiment, but took up his duties only in 1748, with the rank of corporal. In 1754 he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Ingermanland infantry regiment. During the Seven Years' War 1756-1763. participated in the battles at Kunersdorf, near Frankfurt an der Oder, in the capture of Berlin and the siege of Kohlberg. For military distinction in 1770, Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. the detachment under the command of Suvorov inflicted several defeats on the superior forces of the Turks. On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the fortified fortress of Izmail. At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, he was temporarily disgraced. In February 1797, Suvorov was dismissed and exiled to one of the estates in the village. Konchanskoe. But in 1798, at the insistence of Russia's allies, he was returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian and Austrian troops in Northern Italy. For victorious actions in Italy and Switzerland A.V. Suvorov was elevated to the rank of generalissimo.
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Great victories of Russia in the 18th century. POLTAVA BATTLE. Founded by Emperor Peter I, the Russian regular army, already at the initial stage of its development, found itself in the fire of the Northern War, where it was opposed by the best European at that time - the Swedish army. After the defeat at Narva in the first year of the war, where Peter's troops lost almost all of their artillery, Russia's "direct regular army" was completely transformed. In the summer of 1708, the Swedish army under the command of King Charles XII began a campaign in Russia, moving in the Moscow direction. To the aid of Charles XII, General Levengaupt was in a hurry from Riga, who was leading a corps with a huge baggage train of almost three thousand carts. Peter I instructed B.P.Sheremetev to pursue the enemy army, and he himself led part of the troops to meet the corps of General Levengaupt in order to prevent it from joining the king. On September 28, 1708, a battle took place near the village of Lesnoy, in which Tsar Peter called the victory “the mother of Poltava Victoria”. Then came the day of the Battle of Poltava (June 27, 1709). The day before, Peter ordered General Menshikov to destroy the headquarters of the traitor Hetman Mazepa - the Baturin fortress with all the supplies collected for the Swedish army. The Battle of Poltava became the pinnacle of the military leader's glory of Peter the Great. After a personal reconnaissance, he ordered to build a line of field fortifications of six redoubts across the field at a distance of a rifle shot from each other. Then, perpendicular to their front, the construction of four more began. Further, the infantry and field artillery were located.
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At 3 o'clock in the morning there was a clash between the Russian and Swedish cavalry, and two hours later the latter was overturned. The plan conceived by Peter I succeeded - two Swedish right-flank columns of Generals Ross and Schlippenbach, when breaking through the line of redoubts, were cut off from the main forces and were destroyed in the Poltava forest. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the Swedish army went on the attack. In a fierce hand-to-hand combat, the Swedes managed to press the center of the Russians, but at that moment Peter I personally led the second battalion of the Novgorod regiment into a counterattack and restored the situation. The Russian dragoon cavalry began to bypass the flanks of the royal army, and the Swedish infantry, seeing this, wavered. Then Peter ordered to give a signal for a general attack. Under the onslaught of the Russians, marching with bayonets, the Swedes fled. Charles XII tried in vain to stop his soldiers, no one listened to him. The fleeing people were pursued right up to the Budischensky forest. By 11 o'clock the Battle of Poltava ended with the complete defeat of the Swedish army. Only the king and hetman Mazepa with two thousand people managed to cross and escape to Turkey. The losses of the Russian army on the battlefield amounted to only 1345 people killed and 3290 wounded, while the Swedes lost 9324 people killed and captured, including those who laid down their arms at Perevolochna. The royal army of Sweden, tested in campaigns in Northern Europe, ceased to exist. Poltava has demonstrated the superiority of Russian military art.
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Seven Years War. Seven Years' War 1756-1763 was provoked by the clash of interests of Russia, France and Austria on the one hand and Portugal, Prussia and England (in union with Hanover) on the other. Each of the states that entered the war, of course, pursued their own goals. Thus, Russia tried to increase its influence in the West. The beginning of the war was marked by the battle of the fleets of England and France at the Balearic Islands on May 19, 1756. It ended with the victory of the French. Ground operations began later - on 28 August. The army under the command of the Prussian king Frederick II invaded the lands of Saxony, and later, began the siege of Prague. At the same time, the French army occupied Hanover. Russia entered the war in 1757. In August, the Russian army suffered heavy losses, but won the battle at Gross-Jägersdorf, opening the way to East Prussia.
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Seven Years' War (continued). However, the commander of the troops, Field Marshal Apraksin, learned about the illness of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Believing that her successor, Peter III Fedorovich, would soon take the throne, he began to withdraw troops to the Russian border. Later, having declared such actions treason, the empress brought Apraksin to justice. Fermor took his place as commander. In 1758, the territory of East Prussia was annexed to Russia. Further events of the Seven Years War: the victories won in 1757 by the army of Prussia under the command of Frederick II in 1759 were nullified thanks to the successful actions of the Russian-Austrian troops during the Battle of Kunersdorf. By 1761 Prussia was on the brink of defeat. But in 1761, Empress Elizabeth died. Peter III, who ascended the throne, was a supporter of rapprochement with Prussia. Preliminary peace negotiations, held in the fall of 1762, ended with the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty on January 30, 1763. This day is officially considered the date of the end of the Seven Years War. The victory was won by the Anglo-Prussian coalition. Thanks to this outcome of the war, Prussia finally entered the circle of the leading European powers. Russia gained nothing as a result of this war, except for the experience of military operations.
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Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739). The Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 began in the fall of 1735, and this year's short campaign was unremarkable. In the spring of 1736, Field Marshal Minich moved with the Russian army to the Crimea. With a frontal attack, he captured the fortifications of Perekop, went deep into the peninsula, took Khazleiv (Evpatoria), destroyed the khan's capital Bakhchisarai and Akmechet (Simferopol). However, the Crimean Khan, constantly evading decisive battles with the Russians, managed to save his army from extermination. At the end of the summer, Minich returned from Crimea to Ukraine. In the same year, General Leontyev, acting against the Turks from the other side, took Kinburn (a fortress near the mouth of the Dnieper), and Lassi - Azov. In the spring of 1737, Minich moved to Ochakov, a fortress covering the exits to the Black Sea from the Southern Bug and the Dnieper. Due to his inept actions, the capture of Ochakov cost the Russian troops quite large losses (although they were still many times less than the Turkish ones). Even more soldiers and Cossacks (up to 16 thousand) died due to unsanitary conditions: the German Minich cared little about the health and nutrition of the Russian soldiers. Due to the huge loss of soldiers, Minich stopped the campaign of 1737 immediately after the capture of Ochakov. General Lassi, operating in 1737 east of Minich, broke through to the Crimea and dispersed detachments across the peninsula that destroyed up to 1000 Tatar villages.
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Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739) (continued). Through the fault of Minich, the military campaign of 1738 ended in vain: the Russian army, aiming at Moldavia, did not dare to cross the Dniester, as there was a large Turkish army on the other side of the river. In March 1739, Minich crossed the Dniester at the head of the Russian army. Due to his mediocrity, he immediately fell into an almost hopeless encirclement near the village of Stavuchany. But thanks to the heroism of the soldiers who unexpectedly attacked the enemy in a half-passable place, the Battle of Stavuchansk (the first clash between the Russians and the Turks in an open field) ended in a brilliant victory. The huge troops of the Sultan and the Crimean Khan fled in panic, and Minikh, taking advantage of this, took the nearby strong fortress of Khotin. In September 1739 the Russian army entered the Moldavian principality. Minikh forced his boyars to sign an agreement on the transfer of Moldova to Russian citizenship. But on the very crest of the successes, the news came that the Russian allies, the Austrians, were ending the war against the Turks. Upon learning of this, Empress Anna Ioannovna also decided to graduate. The Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 ended with the Peace of Belgrade (1739).
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Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774). This Russo-Turkish war began in the winter of 1768-69. Golitsyn's Russian army crossed the Dniester, took the Khotin fortress and entered Yassy. Almost all of Moldova swore allegiance to Catherine II. In the summer of 1769, the fleets of Spiridov and Elfinston sailed from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean. Arriving on the shores of Greece, they instigated a revolt against the Turks in Morea (Peloponnese), but it did not reach the force that Catherine II had counted on, and was soon suppressed. However, the Russian admirals soon won a dizzying naval victory. Having attacked the Turkish fleet, they drove it into the Chesme Bay (Asia Minor) and completely destroyed it, sending incendiary fire-ships at the crowded enemy ships. By the end of 1770, the Russian squadron captured up to 20 islands of the Aegean archipelago. In the land theater of war, the Russian army of Rumyantsev, operating in Moldova, in the summer of 1770 utterly defeated the forces of the Turks in the battles of Larga and Cahul. These victories put the whole of Wallachia with the powerful Ottoman strongholds on the left bank of the Danube into the hands of the Russians. There were no Turkish troops north of the Danube. In 1771, the army of V. Dolgoruky, defeating the horde of Khan Selim-Girey at Perekop, occupied the entire Crimea, placed garrisons in its main fortresses and placed Sahib-Girey on the khan's throne, who had sworn allegiance to the Russian empress. The squadron of Orlov and Spiridov in 1771 made distant raids from the Aegean Sea to the shores of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, then under the control of the Turks.
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Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774) (continued). The successes of the Russian armies were so brilliant that Catherine II hoped, as a result of this war, to finally annex Crimea and ensure independence from the Turks of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were to come under the influence of Russia. But this was opposed by the Western European Franco-Austrian bloc hostile to the Russians, and the formal ally of Russia, the Prussian king Frederick II the Great, behaved treacherously. Taking advantage of the brilliant victories in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Catherine II was prevented by the simultaneous involvement of Russia in the Polish unrest. Frightening Austria with Russia, and Russia with Austria, Frederick II put forward a project according to which Catherine II was offered to abandon extensive seizures in the south in exchange for compensation from Polish lands. In the face of the strongest Western pressure, the Russian empress had to accept this plan. It was realized in the form of the First Partition of Poland (1772). The Ottoman sultan, however, wanted to get out of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 without any losses at all and did not agree to recognize not only the annexation of Crimea to Russia, but even its independence. Catherine II ordered Rumyantsev to invade with an army across the Danube. In 1773 Rumyantsev made two trips across this river, and in the spring of 1774 - the third. Due to the small number of his army, Rumyantsev did not achieve anything outstanding in 1773. But in 1774 A. V. Suvorov with an 8-thousandth corps utterly defeated 40 thousand Turks at Kozludzha. The sultan then hastened to resume peace negotiations and signed the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace, which ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.
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Russian-Turkish war (1787 - 1791). In 1787, the world community suggested that Russia recognize Turkey's power over Georgia and return Crimea. To the heap, the Russian ambassador was taken into custody in Constantinople. Russia could not stand such rudeness. The Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 began. The Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1791 was a heavy burden for Russia. The situation was aggravated by the Russian-Swedish war, which took place in a similar chronological framework in 1788-1790. The war on two fronts took away from Russia a lot of forces, human and economic resources. Despite the gravity of the situation, the Russian army courageously defended the interests of Russia and achieved several high-profile victories. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov showed himself great in 1789, having won the battle on the Rymnik River. In 1790, the Russian army achieved the greatest success in the war, taking the impregnable Ishmael by storm.
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Russian-Turkish War (1787 - 1791) (continued). The capture of Ishmael was forever included in military textbooks and manuals. Suvorov supervised the capture of the fortress. The future hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Mikhail Kutuzov also distinguished himself in the battles for Izmail. The Russian fleet did not lag behind the land army at all, and also won important victories. After the defeat of the Turkish fleet at Cape Kaliakria, the Russian fleet, led by the remarkable Russian naval commander Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, began to completely dominate the Black Sea. In the summer of 1791, a peace treaty was signed in the city of Iasi. According to the terms of the peace treaty, the result of the second Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 was the following provisions: -Russia acquired all the Black Sea lands and the Ochakov fortress; -Turkey recognized the right of the Russian Empire to the Crimea; -Turkey received Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia into its possessions. The result of the second Russian-Turkish war was the foreign policy strengthening of Russia's position in the world arena. The Russian Empire included new lands with great economic potential. The problem of security on the southern borders of the Empire was also resolved.
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The annexation of Crimea to Russia (1783). The continuing threat from Turkey (for which the Crimea was a possible springboard in the event of an attack on Russia) forced the construction of powerful fortified lines on the southern borders of the country and diverted forces and funds from the economic development of the border provinces. Potemkin, as the governor of these regions, seeing the complexity and instability of the political situation in Crimea, came to the final conclusion about the need to annex it to Russia, which would complete the territorial expansion of the empire to the south to its natural borders and create a single economic region - the Northern Black Sea region. On December 14, 1782, the empress sent Potemkin a "secret" rescript, in which she announced her will "to appropriate the peninsula." In the spring of 1783, it was decided that Potemkin would go south and personally supervise the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. Arriving in Kherson, Potemkin met with Shahin Giray and finally became convinced of the need to remove the khan from the Crimean political arena as soon as possible. Believing that the greatest difficulties could arise in the Kuban, he gave orders to Alexander Suvorov and his relative P.S. Potemkin to move troops to the right-bank Kuban.
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The annexation of Crimea to Russia (1783) (continued). Having received the prince's orders, Suvorov occupied the fortifications of the former Kuban line and began to prepare to swear in the Nogais on the day appointed by Potemkin - June 28, the day of Catherine II's accession to the throne. At the same time, the commander of the Caucasian corps, PS Potemkin, was to take the oath in the upper Kuban. Meanwhile, by order of Catherine II, in the spring, urgent measures were taken to select a harbor for the future Black Sea Fleet on the southwestern coast of the peninsula. Captain II rank IM Bersenev on the frigate "Ostorozhny" recommended using the bay near the village of Akhtiar, not far from the ruins of Chersonesos-Tavrichesky. At the beginning of 1784, a fortress port was laid, which Catherine II gave the name Sevastopol. On June 28, 1783, the manifesto of Catherine II was finally promulgated during the solemn oath of the Crimean nobility, which was taken personally by Prince Potemkin on the flat top of the Ak-Kaya rock near Karasubazar. On July 10, Potemkin from the camp at Karasubazar sent a message to the empress with the news of the final resolution of the Crimean problem. It is obvious that it was the political steps of Prince Potemkin aimed at the most peaceful and friendly attitude of the troops towards the population, expressing respect and appropriate signs of attention to the Tatar nobility that had the proper impact and led to the "bloodless" annexation of Crimea. The annexation of the Kuban took place just as peacefully and solemnly: the two largest Nogai hordes - Edisan and Dzhambulutskaya - swore allegiance to Russia. When Russia officially notified the European powers about the annexation of Crimea, only France protested. In response to the French protests, the President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs I.A.
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SECTIONS OF POLAND IN THE 18TH CENTURY Rzeczpospolita experienced economic and political decline. It was torn apart by the struggle of the parties, which was promoted by the outdated state system. Neighboring powers - Russia, Austria, Prussia - increasingly interfered in its internal affairs. First partition of Poland (1772). In 1764, Russia brought its troops into Poland and forced the Convocation Diet to recognize the equality of dissidents and abandon plans to abolish the liberum veto. Under pressure from the Russian envoy N.V. Repnin, the Polish Senate turned to Catherine II for help. Russian troops entered Poland and during the campaigns of 1768-1772 inflicted a number of defeats on the Confederate army. At the suggestion of Austria and Prussia, who feared the capture of all Polish-Lithuanian lands by Russia, on February 17, 1772, the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was carried out, as a result of which it lost a number of important border territories: Southern Livonia with Dinaburg, eastern Belarus with Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mogilev and the eastern part of Black Russia. The partition was approved by the Diet in 1773. The second partition of Poland (1792). The events of 1768–1772 led to an increase in patriotic sentiments in Polish society, which intensified especially after the start of the revolution in France (1789). The party of "patriots" headed by T. Kostyushko, I. Pototskiy and G. Kollontai achieved the creation of the Permanent Council, replacing the discredited Senate, reforming legislation and the tax system. At the Four-Year Diet (1788-1792), the "patriots" defeated the pro-Russian "hetman" party.
Slide 28
PARTITIONS OF POLAND (continued) On May 18, 1792, after the end of the Russian-Turkish war, Catherine II protested against the new constitution and called on the Poles to civil disobedience. Russian troops defeated the Lithuanian militia and occupied Warsaw. January 13, 1793 Russia and Prussia signed a secret agreement on the Second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; its terms were announced to the Poles on March 27 in the Volyn town of Polonnoye: Russia received Western Belarus with Minsk, the central part of Black Russia, Eastern Polesie with Pinsk, Right-Bank Ukraine with Zhitomir, Eastern Volyn and most of Podolia with Kamyanets and Bratslav. The territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has been halved. The third partition of Poland and the liquidation of the independent Polish-Lithuanian state (1795). As a result of the Second Section, the country fell into complete dependence on Russia. Russian garrisons were set up in Warsaw and a number of other Polish cities. Political power was usurped by the leaders of the Targovitsa Confederation. The leaders of the "patriots" fled to Dresden and began to prepare a speech, hoping for help from revolutionary France. On March 16, 1794, T. Kostyushko was proclaimed dictator in Krakow. The inhabitants of Warsaw and Vilno (present-day Vilnius) drove out the Russian garrisons. November 5 A.V. Suvorov forced Warsaw to surrender; the uprising was suppressed. In 1795 Russia, Austria and Prussia made the Third, final, partition of the Commonwealth: Courland and Semigalia with Mitava and Libava (modern South Latvia), Lithuania with Vilna and Grodno, the western part of Black Russia, Western Polesie with Brest and Western Volyn with Lutsk. Stanislav August Poniatowski abdicated the throne. The Polish-Lithuanian state ceased to exist.
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He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (gg.), In the Northern War (gg.), The Prut campaign of 1711, during the Persian campaign (gg.). He personally commanded the troops during the capture of Noteburg in 1702, in the battle at the village of Lesnoy in 1708. Under the direct leadership of Peter I, in the famous Battle of Poltava on June 27 (July 8) 1709, the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured. Peter I went down in history as an outstanding statesman and military leader of Russia, the founder of the regular army and navy, a talented commander and diplomat, who even in the West, when compared with Frederick II, was called "a really great man."
Field Marshal, an outstanding Russian commander and statesman. The largest victories were won by him during the first Russian-Turkish war (gg.), Especially in the battles of Ryaba grave, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George of the 1st degree and received the title of Transdanubia. As a commander, theorist and practitioner of the art of war, Rumyantsev was brave and wise, knew how to concentrate his main forces on decisive directions, and carefully developed a plan of hostilities. He became one of the initiators of the transition from linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose formation. In battle formations, he preferred to use divisional, regimental and battalion squares in combination with a loose formation of riflemen, preferred light cavalry over heavy. He was convinced of the superiority of offensive tactics over defensive tactics, while attaching great importance to the training of troops and their morale. Rumyantsev outlined his views on military affairs in the "General Rules" and "Rite of Service".
Future Highness Prince Tauride and Field Marshal General. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. participated in the battles at Fokshany, Brailov, Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. In 1774 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium .. In 1766 he was appointed governor-general of Novorossiysk, Azov, Astrakhan. In this position, he contributed to the development of the Northern Black Sea region by Russia, contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, on the initiative of Potemkin, the Zaporizhzhya Sich was liquidated. In 1783, he implemented his project to annex Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride, and in 1784 was appointed president of the Military Collegium.
Born in the Scottish town of Inverkeiting, he served in the British Navy. In 1764 he joined the Russian fleet, receiving the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Participant of the Russian-Turkish war, commanding the battleship "Three hierarchs", as part of the squadron G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding a corps de battalion, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. In 1775 Greig delivered to Kronstadt the self-styled princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed the chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782, Greig was promoted to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war, commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Südermanland in the Battle of Hogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he fell seriously ill, was evacuated to Revel, where he died.
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov - famous Russian commander, Count of Rymnik (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799). For 55 years of military activity, he passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." It was he who took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm on December 24, 1790, defeated the Turks at Rymnik and Focsani in 1789, at Kinburn in 1787. The Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, the victories over the French on the Adda and Trebbia rivers and at Novi, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crown of his military leadership. Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovator commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in the work "Science to Win". The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: the eye, the quickness, the onslaught. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name has become synonymous with victory, military skill, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov's heritage is still used in the training and education of troops.
Admiral. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Naval Fleet, led it with talent, having won a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle of 1790, in the battles near Tendra Island on August 28 (September 8) 1790 and Cape Kaliakria in 1791 year. Ushakov's notable victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799, where the combined actions of ships and ground troops were successfully used.
In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he supervised the construction of ships of the fleet in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship Saint Paul. In 1789 Ushakov was promoted to rear admiral, and in 1790 he was appointed commander of the entire Black Sea Fleet. F.F. Ushakov - the creator of new naval tactics In 1793, Ushakov was promoted to vice admiral. In 1798, at the request of the Western powers, he led the campaign of the Russian Black Sea squadron in the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France.
Gorevalova Natalia Yurievna
Position: history and social studies teacher
Educational institution: MKOU Novopogorelovskaya secondary school named after L.I. Buintseva
Locality: Karsunsky district, Novoye Pogorelovo village
Material name: article
Topic:"Russian generals of the 18-19th centuries"
Date of publication: 04.10.2018
Chapter: complete education
Generals of the 18th - 19th centuries.
Introduction.
Relevance: The history of our state is more than a thousand years old,
only from the time when Christianity was adopted in Russia. And throughout
all this time, very often our ancestors had to fight,
defending the freedom and independence of their homeland. They were different wars, but
one thing united them, they were wars against those who wanted to feast on
a piece of Russian land who were eager to enslave the freedom-loving
Slavic peoples who did not like our customs and our gods, our
culture and our language.
Thanks to the patriotism and heroism of the masses, Russia was able to leave
from the most difficult situations in the most difficult periods of its history. I'm like
a history teacher is obliged to help schoolchildren experience and comprehend all
what happened in the past. The assimilation by students of the idea of love for the Motherland, which
to all mankind, instilling universal human norms of morality is
the most important stage in the formation of citizenship, education of the Citizen
Russia. This is achieved when the ideas of patriotism are revealed to the mind and
the pupil's heart in bright, emotional images, awaken in them feelings
empathy, gratitude to the courageous fighters for the triumph of
dy, justice. At the same time, knowledge about the Motherland should cause not only
pride in her achievements, but also heartache, anxiety, concern for
that with us everything is not what it should be.
It seems to me that this is especially important now, when many people have lost
value guidelines, the feeling of love for their homeland has been lost. Bitterly aware
admit that in our modern society, citizens do not bind themselves, their
life with the prosperity and power of the Fatherland, forgot its history, did not understand
say that “without the past there is no present, there can be no future, that without any
there is no love for the Fatherland, and there can be no love for Humanity. "
From the pages of magazines, newspapers, from television screens, in essence, the topic has disappeared
Motherland, its past is hushed up or denigrated, many facts are distorted.
The country has forgotten its heroes, has forgotten those to whom it owes its existence.
eat, with its independence.
Each war, the very course of the history of the development of our state and, finally, itself
people put forward the most talented, most faithful
sons of the Fatherland, who on the battlefield with weapons in their hands mined
independence for the Fatherland and freedom for their people, multiplied the power and glory
great and rebellious to the enemies of the Russian land. Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry
Donskoy, Minin and Pozharsky, Suvorov and Kutuzov, Ushakov and Nakhimov,
Skobelev, Raevsky, Dragomirov, Makarov, Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Vasilevsky
and many others, whose names are forever inscribed in history in golden letters
of our state, who will always be remembered by noble descendants, whose
fate is inextricably linked with the fate of the country in which they were born and
the fate of the people in whose name they lived, fought and defeated the enemy.
Russia and our great people will live and prosper as long as there is
alive army and navy, two great allies of Russia, two hands of our
states, hope and support of the country and people.
That is why I never had a problem in choosing a topic for work, for
the theme of the defense of the Fatherland, the theme of loyalty to military duty, the theme of patriotism
have always been and will be relevant. Our people have always sung the feat
defender of the Fatherland, paid tribute to the memory and respect to people whose life was
devoted to serving the country, because there is such a profession - to defend the Motherland.
It is probably impossible to list books, films, other works
art, which tells about the defenders of the Motherland, about talented
generals and military commanders, about soldiers and sailors, whose life is an example
to follow.
Territorial boundaries:Russian empire.
Object of writing: historical data about the generals of Russia.
Chronological framework: XVIII - XIX centuries.
Subject of writing: biography, career of generals, military campaigns.
Target: find out the meaning, the role of commanders in history on the example of more
outstanding and great commanders of Russia.
Tasks:
1) Study the activities of the generals of Russia.
2) Determine the characteristics of Russian commanders.
Chapter I. Generals of the XVIII century. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov.
Education and formation of the outlook of A. V. Suvorov.
Alexander Vasilievich had no equal among the generals of the time. His
brilliant victories contributed to the strengthening of the power of Russia in the last
third of the 18th century The art of leadership of Suvorov and his training system and
training troops outstripped the development of military art, both in Russia and in
Western Europe. It was an advanced martial art, conditioned by
historical features of the development of Russia in the XVIII century.
Suvorov's life is a lofty moral example of serving the Motherland. Suvorov -
not just a commander who took a place among the great commanders of the world
history - it is a historical phenomenon. Advanced military
Suvorov's art and especially his system of training and education of troops,
objectively bourgeois in nature, were in conflict with
autocratic-serf system of the Russian Empire, with its military
system designed to strengthen feudalism in Russia. Suvorov's merit
was recognized by the ruling circles of Russia only half: for honors
historiography has made no small effort to distort and belittle
the image of the great Russian commander, belittle his role in the development of the Russian
military art. However, in pre-Soviet historiography about Suvorov one can
limitedness, were able to sufficiently fully and objectively reflect his life and
activity. The disciples and companions of the great commander saved for
subsequent generations of the Russian army Suvorov principles of military
art.
Suvorov traditions in our country have become the property of the younger generation
Soviet officers, which was reflected and created in August 1943.
Suvorov military schools.
In 1950, our country celebrated the 150th anniversary of the death
Suvorov. To prepare and conduct this anniversary,
in a solemn atmosphere on Commune Square, the laying of
monument to the great Russian commander.
"Grateful descendants will never forget about the brilliant campaigns of Suvorov",
whose name is “inscribed in golden letters in the heroic history of our
Motherland ... "
The 18th century, in which the life and work of A.V.Suvorov took place, was
the time of the formation of the new capitalist system. During this century in
the national economic life of Russia underwent fundamental changes.
Social stratification in the countryside, the formation of a market for hired workers,
the emergence of private enterprise was the essence of the leap into
development of the country's productive forces. “Since the 60s - 70s of the 18th century
we can talk about the presence of a bourgeois economic system in the bowels of the feudal
the serf system, ”says N.M. Druzhinin
Influenced by the development of productive forces and production relations
the methods of waging war were improved. Russian army of the 18th century
went from strategy of maneuver and linear tactics to strategy
general engagement and column tactics. Folding forms and ways
the conduct of war and hostilities took place in the course of numerous wars.
Wars were a practical measure of the appropriateness of organizing and
the device of the troops. Wars gave birth to new phenomena of military art, which
were summarized by the generals in charters and manuals. Revolutionary
the beginning was not the "free creativity of the mind" of genius
generals, and the invention of better weapons and the change of a living soldier
material ".
Under the influence of all these factors, A.V. Suvorov.
It started at home. Suvorov's father, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov,
belonged to that part of the Russian military intelligentsia, which
formed during the period of Peter the Great's transformations. In the last years of life
Peter I V.I. Suvorov was the tsar's orderly and, as a confidant, performed
his special assignments. After the death of Peter I V.I. Suvorov as a military man
engineer served as prosecutor of the Berg Collegium. During the Seven Years War
was in charge of organizing the rear of the Russian army. Already in the rank of lieutenant general, he
served as military governor of East Prussia, included in the
Russia during the Seven Years War. IN AND. Suvorov had quite wide
knowledge of engineering. His library contained works
in military history, engineering and artillery.
Druzhinin N.M. genesis of capitalism in Russia, 1955, p. 24.
See: K. Marx, F. Engels, Soch. 2nd ed., V. 20, p. 171.
Vasily Ivanovich supervised the upbringing of his son at home. He grafted
his love for self-study. Acquaintance of young Suvorov with
the writings of Thurren, Kegorn, Moritz of Saxony, Eugene of Savoy and with
description of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and others
the generals of antiquity instilled in his mind the need for a deep
studying the military experience of the past. Even in adulthood, he
adhered to this belief. “Take as your model the hero of ancient times,
Suvorov taught the young Miloradovich during the Swiss campaign, -
watch him, follow him, level up, overtake - glory to you! I chose
Caesar - the Alpine mountains are behind us ... Russian eagles flew around the Roman eagles "
Essentially, Suvorov studied military history and science by
self-reading. Suvorov's biographer A. Petrushevsky rightly
noted that he “first conquered the field of sciences and experiences of past centuries, and
then victory and glory "
He amazed his contemporaries with his knowledge.
Since most of the writings on military issues went to
foreign languages, Suvorov's father drew his son's attention to
the need to master them. First of all, young Suvorov studied
French and German, and then, while in the army, acquired
knowledge of oriental languages - Turkish, Tatar, as well as Polish, Finnish
and Italian. He considered it necessary to know the language of the country where the Russian army
had to fight.
An important place in the formation of Suvorov's worldview was occupied by the study
philosophical views of Leibniz, Wolf and Locke. With the concepts of these authors
young Suvorov got to know himself both through independent reading,
possibly during free attendance at high school classes
Petrushevsky a. Generalissimo Prince Suvorov: V3-x volumes. St. Petersburg, 1884, v.
Land Gentry Corps, where history, geography and the military were studied
Suvorov was undoubtedly influenced by the socio-political
the situation that developed in the country in the middle of the 18th century. In his views
influenced the influence of progressive ideas in the Land Corps, where
magazine "Societies of lovers of Russian literature" "Monthly
compositions ". Important questions were raised on the pages of the magazine about the meaning
transformations for the life of society, about the role of a person in society, about the meaning
reason in a person's life, etc. Suvorov also paid tribute to these subjects. He
published in the magazine two essays on philosophical topics: “Conversation in the kingdom
dead between Alexander the Great and Herostratus "and" Conversation in the kingdom
of the dead - Cortez and Motezuma "
Both of these compositions reveal the topic
subordination of human activities to the good of their homeland.
Suvorov's views were influenced by the
French enlighteners anti-feudal bourgeois morality, in which
the main place was occupied by the idea of serving the Motherland.
Suvorov's views on the role of man in society were spontaneous
materialistic, which is reflected in the developed system
training and education of the troops. Suvorov rejected tyranny, he also rejected
narrow egoistic morality of the noble nobility. He recognized the natural
equality of people and the need to educate the people. He considered ministry
the fatherland is the duty of every person and believed that society should be
arranged on the basis of "virtue and justice."
Monthly essays, for the benefit and amusement of employees. SPb., 1755, part 2, p. 156-161; 1756, h. 2, p. 18-30.
The magazine was published by A.P. Sumarokov and M.M. Kheraskov.
Suvorov could not pass by the sharp polemic on the problems of serfdom
building, but he saw ways to eradicate shortcomings not in the struggle against the principles
serfdom, but in mitigating the application of the latter. Suvorov spoke
against the vices of a serf society. He condemned the order in which
service to the fatherland was replaced by service to the throne. Human dignity
Suvorov put above the mercies of the throne: “Russia fed on my service
(my detente. - LB) "
The peasant war that began in the country under the leadership of Pugachev did not
changed the views of Suvorov. Striving to suppress the uprisings as quickly as possible,
Catherine II sent military generals to the "internal front", including
A.V. Suvorov. He arrived in the Volga region when the uprising, in fact, was
suppressed by the troops of P.I. Panin and I.I. Michelson. Suvorov was
tasked with escorting the peasant leader to Simbirsk, and then to
Moscow. His main action was the announcement on behalf of Catherine II of amnesty
insurgent, which caused the indignation of the tsarina and the Petersburg nobility,
striving for reprisal against all participants in the uprising. About himself he
wrote: “He himself did not repair anywhere, he commanded to repair below, not the slightest execution, unless
civil and then one immoral instigators, but pacified
philanthropic affection, the promise of the highest imperial
mercy ".
The 1789 revolution that broke out in France demanded to determine the attitude
to her Suvorov. Suvorov did not accept the revolution. He was horrified by the thought that
"Russia will be France." He was outraged by the results of this revolution. He noted
that she did not bring the people real freedom and only replaced the form
exploitation of the people. “Where is the tree of liberty, which the French promised
hoist over fiery Vesuvius? - Suvorov asked, - Oh,
A.V. Suvorov. Documents: In 4 volumes. M., 1951, vol. 2, p. 409.
braggart! "
Bourgeois France, Suvorov said, did not bring
liberation and other] peoples. The rulers of France kept the Italian
people "under the yoke of three years of slavery", which they brought "under the name
freedom and equality ”.
At the same time, Suvorov saw that under the influence of revolutionary ideas
"The feudal system is disintegrating." But he believed that the transition to a new
society must be accomplished in a peaceful way, as a result of the victory of the "kingdom
On this basis, Suvorov's views on the role of man in life were formed.
society. “We,” said Suvorov, “its members, must sacrifice ourselves to him,
to arrange our abilities ... so that it (society) is more useful
Suvorov adhered to advanced views until the end of his life. He stayed
loyal to them at all stages of activity.
"Soldier's school" Suvorov (1742 - 1754)
The formation of Suvorov as a professional military man took place
parallel to the folding of his worldview. His father, Vasily Ivanovich,
began to prepare his son for the civil service. Then, yielding to the urgent
at the request of his son, he enrolled him in the guard, in the Semenovsky regiment. In the decree
it said: “1742, October 22nd, by decree of E.I.V. in the Life Guards
The Semenovsky regiment was ordered to appear with the petitions below.
undergrowth, namely ... Alexander Suvorov ... paint the Life Guards in
Semyonovsky regiment soldier in excess of the set without salary and for training
these sciences ... let them go to their homes for two years "
Anecdotes of the Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymiksky / Ed. E. Fuchs. SPb, 1900, p.67
Suvorov's father taught his son to look at service as serving the Motherland. He
demanded to see a high value in the rank of "soldier" in accordance with
Peter's charter of 1716, which said: “The name of the soldier simply contains in
all the people who are in the army, from the highest general even to
the last musketeer, horse and foot "
After serving a two-year term of military service, Suvorov decided in 1747
d. On active service as a corporal in the same Semenovsky regiment. Per
successful service promoted to ensign in 1749, and then to sergeant in
Suvorov gave himself up to military service with full responsibility and did not
fictitious, but "real" soldier. The soldier's service was not for
him a number of boring formal duties. He began to study soldier
service in all its forms. He willingly fulfilled the duties of a soldier and
corporal and got acquainted with all aspects of the soldier's life. Soldier's
he combined service with physical development and strengthening of the body, since
was in comparatively poor health. Suvorov lived the life of a soldier and
tried to bear all the hardships of the soldier's service. He remained loyal to the military
asceticism all my life. Company commander Suvorov wrote to his father: “He has
only one passion is service, and one pleasure is leadership over the soldiers.
There was no more serviceable soldier, but then there was no more demanding sergeant.
an officer like your son. Out of service, he is like a brother with the soldiers, but in the service -
unforgiving. " Every word of Suvorov reached the soldier's heart. About him
M.I. Kalinin: “... world famous
the generals knew the way to the hearts of their soldiers, their army. They were
masters of the high spirit of the army, knew how to instill in the soul of a soldier a lasting
self-confidence. Such were, for example, Suvorov and Kutuzov. "
Suvorov's "Officer School" (1754 - 1768)
Suvorov passed the "officer's school" in the Seven Years' War. In this war
the Russian army met with the Prussian army, trained by Frederick II.
At the age of 25, in 1754, Suvorov was promoted to lieutenant and transferred
in the army Ingerman infantry regiment. In early 1756 he was
promoted to captain and was appointed to Novgorod to the post of chief
food master ("captain's rank"). After 10 months he was appointed
auditor general-lieutenant, and a month later in December 1756 he received
rank of prime major.
In 1757 in connection with the outbreak of hostilities in East Prussia
preparation of reserves began (which were the third battalions of infantry
regiments) for the Overseas Active Army. To Prime Major A. V. Suvorov
was instructed to staff the reserve battalions for 17 regiments and then
to take them to Prussia to the Army in the field. Upon completion of this
orders Suvorov was in 1758 promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed
commandant of the city of Memel, where army stores were concentrated,
supplying material and technical supplies to the Foreign Army.
It can be assumed that this appointment was not made without the knowledge of his father,
who by this time became a major general and carried out important assignments
in the service of the rear of the army.
Both of these appointments allowed Suvorov to get to know the questions
organization of rear services throughout the army. However, the activities of the ober-kriegs-
the commissioner did not satisfy A.V. Suvorov, and he submitted a transfer report to
Acting Overseas Army. The request of Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov was
satisfied, and he was assigned to the Kazan Infantry Regiment, which was
under the command of Major General M.N. Volkonsky, but was soon translated
to the headquarters of the commander-in-chief general-in-chief V.V. Fermora for the position
the duty-major of the headquarters (this was the name of the duty officer under the commander). On the
In this position, Suvorov was well acquainted with the methods of army management.
As a headquarters officer, Suvorov participated in the largest ever
1759 The defeat of the army of Frederick II made a great impression on
young Suvorov, but he was surprised that the commander-in-chief I.S.
Saltykov, instead of building on success and moving towards the Prussian capital,
did not even send the Cossack cavalry after the retreating Prussian army. In
in any case, young Suvorov could observe the international situation and
evaluate the actions of the commanders of the troops.
Most of all, Suvorov was impressed by the defeat of the Prussian army,
considered the best in Europe. Of course, it was a well-oiled military
a machine in which linear tactics have been perfected to perfection. On the
In the fields of Kunersdorf, two armies met, and the Russian army was victorious. In 1759 g.
Suvorov also took part in the Battle of Palzig.
Perhaps the most interesting was Suvorov's service as a commander
cavalry regiment. In 1760 the Russian army under the command of the general
P.A. Rumyantseva led the siege of the Kolberg fortress, which served as a base for the Prussian
Platen's cavalry corps. Rumyantsev put up a horseman against Platen
General G.G. Berg.
In 1761, on the initiative of P.A. Rumyantsev expedition was undertaken
moving body to Berlin. The commander of this corps, Berg asked
General A.B. Buturlin, newly appointed to the post of commander-in-chief
Foreign army, send him Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov. He fulfilled
this request. The order on this matter said: “Since Major General
Berg honors the special ability of the Kazan infantry lieutenant colonel
regiment of Suvorov, then report to him in the command of the aforementioned general. "
In Berg's corps, Suvorov first commanded the Tver cuirassier regiment
(until the return of the sick commander) .During hostilities, the regiment
Suvorov captured the city of Landerberg and destroyed the bridge over the river. Warta than delayed
promotion of the Prussians. Then he defeated the Prussian detachment at g.
Holnau. After that, Suvorov acts against the Prussian troops under
Bernstein and Regenwald, Stargard and in a number of other points
Actions
Suvorov were distinguished by their courage and decisiveness and, most importantly, variety
tactical techniques. Suvorov himself proved to be a courageous commander,
set an example of fearlessness in battle. Rumyantsev introduced Suvorov
Buturlin to the award. He wrote that the young cavalry commander "himself
I was much different from others "
In 1761, the commander of the Tver regiment returned to his duties. Having handed over this
regiment, Suvorov took the Arkhangelsk dragoon regiment into command.
Rumyantsev noted that in this post Suvorov has brilliantly proved himself.
He is "quick at reconnaissance, courageous in battle, and cold-blooded in danger."
In 1762 Suvorov was sent to St. Petersburg with dispatches. He arrived at
the capital, when Catherine II was already on the Russian throne, who made him in
the rank of colonel and appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment.
Thus, Suvorov from 1754 to 1762 went from lieutenant to
colonel. During the war, Suvorov got acquainted with the work of the rear of the army, its headquarters
and the work of the regiment commander. Relative variety of forms of activity
contributed to the military development of Suvorov. But it was especially important
acquaintance with the dominant at that time in all armies of Europe linear
A.V. Suvorov. Documents, v. 1, p. 63-66.
Petrushevsky A. Decree. Works, v. 1, p. thirty.
tactics. This tactic reached its highest development in the army of Frederick II.
Its essence was that the army should act as one battalion for a total
team. This was achieved by pulling the entire army in one line. Building
army proceeded very slowly. The turns could be made either by
flank, or along the center axis. The weak point of the combat formation was
flanks, which were covered by cavalry. The artillery was located along
front directly in battle formations. The main role in the offensive
carried out by the infantry, producing fire with plutongs or the whole line. How
as a rule, the Prussian army did not reach hand-to-hand combat and, if it did not reach
success in a fire battle, immediately retreated. The bayonet of the Prussian army was considered
defensive means. The Russian infantry outnumbered the Prussians with its
courage, perseverance and skill.
Suvorov came to the conclusion that the dominant strategic
the five-transition system and linear tactics brought to automatism serve
shackles for the troops and interfere with the ability to carry out a maneuver like in a theater
war and on the battlefield. The main thing, Suvorov believed, is to find
the most rational forms of combat training than those established in
modern armies. This task was solved by Suvorov during the period of command
Suzdal regiment. It was during this period that he began to develop
military-pedagogical system, the development of which he devoted his entire life.
At this time, Suvorov developed a vigorous activity to reorganize the regiment on
new beginnings. He began by setting up barracks and creating a regimental school.
The main attention was paid to the definition of "what to teach and how to teach." He saw
in a soldier of a living person, a defender of the fatherland. A soldier, according to Suvorov's idea, -
this is the main factor of the war, therefore it must be appropriately
teach and educate. The new principles of combat training are reflected in
instructions "Regimental institution". Being a hater of drills, Suvorov
taught his regiment what was really needed in the war.
with bayonets, forcing crossings, aimed shooting, etc. The ways
training provided for the study of the elements of the system, methods of conducting
shooting and solving tactical problems. A feature of the Suvorov system
there was a close connection between education and upbringing, which ensured the development of
conscientiousness in military service and the formation of a sense of pride
for your regiment and your homeland.
Suvorov advocated an advanced combat training system. The main thing, he wrote
later, “it is good to exercise the troops ... never retreat, the best army
always in moving".
Already at this time, he made high demands, first of all, to
commanders. He strongly condemned the "praetorian colonels"
who cared only about "rubbing into the higher." “They are annoying
their officers in court manners; they are pampered ... Sybarites, not
Spartans, they inspire contempt for the glory and disbelief of Jean-Jacques - a virtue
for every mind ... with the help of sweet or ambiguous speeches they
[officers] are taught in this way to hide their shortcomings ...
other colonels and other headquarters, of army origin. " One of
important conclusions that Suvorov came to while serving in the army
regiments, there was a conclusion about the great role of junior officers who came out of
ranks of soldiers: "The most decent now become junior officers,
(at the same time) not from the free nobility "
When the year 1796 came. Suvorov was still in charge of the Russian troops,
located in the southwest of Russia. From Tulchin, he closely followed
developments on the Rhine and in Italy. He was more and more inclined to think that in
in the near future, France will become Russia's adversary. He rightly
saw in the actions of bourgeois France predatory aspirations, which
an example was the actions of Napoleon in Northern Italy in 1796.
the government was worried about the possibility of creating a hostile coalition of
states, which may be headed by bourgeois France. Between Russia,
Austria and England were negotiating the creation of a military coalition. V
instructions to the Russian envoy in Vienna A.K. Razumovsky indicated:
“Today the point is to reorganize the coalition on other
principles than the first, setting before it in the form of a single task -
the task of forcing the French to end their invasions, abandon victories and
return to the old borders "
From this it followed that it was not so much about the restoration in France
overthrown by the revolution of the Bourbon dynasty, how much about the end of the conquests
the French Directory. When between Russia, Austria, Prussia and England
there were negotiations for an alliance, Catherine II died. New Tsar - Paul I postponed
the proposed campaign of Suvorov in Europe and began to strengthen
serfdom in Russia, This was also served by the establishment
the Prussian system in the troops. Suvorov met Paul's innovations with
indignation. Suvorov was especially annoyed by Pavel's instructions to lock up the soldiers.
in the barracks: "The brown barracks, where they will be locked at night, is a prison"
more decisively he condemned the widespread beatings of soldiers, humiliating them
dignity. Most of all, Suvorov outraged the ban on the
southwest Russia is his system. At that time, Suvorov said, as “my
The Prussians accept tactics, but leave the old, rotten ones: from this
the French beat them "
The new tsar introduces her to the Russian armies.
Suvorov's position was complicated by a conspiracy against
Paul I. Strengthening reaction at the end of the reign of Catherine II and under Paul I
forced the noblemen to choose illegal methods of fighting
Narochnitskiy A.L. International relations of European states from 1794 to 1830 M., 1946, p. 11.
A.V. Suvorov. Documents, v. 3, p. 573.
A.V. Suvorov. Documents, v. 3, p. 572.
absolutism. The conspiracy that arose in 1797 encompassed not only the nobility
central and western provinces, but also affected the officer circles of the army
Suvorov
In Tulchin itself there were officers who were ready to join the military
against the Pavlovsk regime. They were led by Colonel
A.M. Kakhovsky. He invited Suvorov to stand at the head of the army for
speeches at the time of the change of persons on the throne. Convincing the need for this,
Kakhovsky told Suvorov that the whole army would follow him. However, the commander
did not accept his offer: “Shut up, shut up. I can not. The blood of fellow citizens! "
the fact of Kakhovsky's appeal to Suvorov indicates that he and his
like-minded people were not afraid of exposure on his part.
All this contributed to the submission by Suvorov of a report to the tsar about his dismissal in
one year vacation. Pavel I first refused to provide Suvorov with
leave, and then ordered him to come to Petersburg. Suvorov, however, did not go
to the capital and instead submitted a letter of resignation in early February. But even before
receiving this report issued a decree on the dismissal of the field marshal from service in
army. The dismissal of Suvorov caused discontent in the army. In protest in
several dozen officers resigned. Some of them went together
with Suvorov to his estate - the Kobrin Key. The tsar considered Suvorov one
from the leaders of the political conspiracy, while the leader is very
dangerous due to the immense popularity of the commander. This is the only way
supervision of officers of the "suite of Suvorov". In the decree to the Novgorod governor
P.P. Mitusov was told that they “should not have intercourse and a date with
former Field Marshal Count who lived in the Novgorod province
Suvorov.
Snytko E.G. New materials on the history of the social movement at the end of the 18th century. - Questions of history,
events in Western Europe. By this time, the situation in Europe was sharply
complicated. The French bourgeoisie that came to power became openly
seeks to seize foreign territories and enslave peoples. Fair
defensive wars waged by bourgeois France in the early years
revolutions began to develop into wars of conquest. Its expansion was
directed to the East.
Napoleon's Italian campaign in 1796 ended with the capture of Northern Italy.
The French bourgeoisie has long been attracted by Egypt, which was a trade
the center of the Levant. It was the point from where the pearl could be threatened
English crown - India. “That time is not far away,” wrote Napoleon, “when
we will feel that in order to really crush England, we
you need to master Egypt "
Suvorov closely followed the developing events. Special
he showed concern about the successes of the French troops in the Northern
Italy. He understood that the France of the era of the Directory was no longer
defending country, and its desire to establish itself in Northern Italy is not
brought the Italian people liberation from Austrian rule.
Supporter of the national people of the liberation of Italy, Suvorov
considered it expedient to revive the independence of Piedmont, which in
in the end he could lead the unification of the entire Italian people. Suvorov
believed that Russia could not stay away from the rapidly developing
events, and began to develop provisions that could form the basis
strategic plan for the war with France.
Major Prévost de Lumian, who arrived on behalf of Paul I in Konchanskoe
from St. Petersburg in order to clarify the views of Suvorov. They assess
the military-political situation and formulate the principles by which
should be guided in the fight against the Directory. They boiled down to
the following provisions:
"one. Only offensive
2. Quickness in the campaign, fervor in attacks with melee weapons.
3. No methodicalness with a good eye.
4. Full power to the general-in-chief.
5. Attack and beat the enemy in an open field.
6. Do not waste time on the siege ...
7. Never spray force to preserve various items.
8. So, we only need an observational corps to Strasbourg, still mobile
corps for Luxembourg; advance its edge with incessant battles to
of Paris itself, as the main point "
Pavel was not only interested in Suvorov's opinion, but even made an attempt
re-enlist the field marshal in the army. For these purposes, Suvorov was
directed by his nephew, young Andrei Gorchakov,
Adjutant under Paul I.
He managed to prove to Suvorov the need for reconciliation with the tsar. However, this
the meeting did not bring a positive result. Suvorov demanded freedom
actions in the army and did not recognize the innovations of the king. For this reason, he
asked permission to return to Konchanskoe.
Meanwhile, the affairs of the Austrian troops in Northern Italy deteriorated sharply: they
were expelled from Northern Italy. Directory troops began to threaten
A.V. Suvorov. Documents, v. 3, p. 587-588
direct invasion of the territory of Austria. Governments
Austria and England turned to Paul I with a desire to put at the head
adjutant wing Tolbukhin with the tsar's rescript: “Now I have received, Count
Alexander Vasilievich, news of the urgent desire of the Viennese court,
so that you lead his armies in Italy, where my corps
Rosenberg and Herman are walking. And so therefore, even with the current European
circumstances, I consider it a duty not only on my own behalf, but also on behalf of others
invite you to take over the business and the team and come here to leave for
Vienna ". “Now is not the time to settle accounts,” Paul I wrote in a private letter.
Suvorov agreed to command the allied army, but on condition
providing complete freedom of action. Forced to agree to this,
Paul I said: "Lead the war in your own way, as best you can." Letting go of Suvorov, Pavel
believed that it would be safer for him to keep the commander abroad than in
Konchnsky.
In Italy, Suvorov won a number of victories, in less than five months he expelled
French from Northern Italy. Making our way through the Alps to the aid of the Roman-
Korsakov, barely holding back the onslaught of Massena near Zurich, he arrives
too late and forced to retreat. Soon he, together with the Russian army
became. But even after his death, he was pursued by the royal disfavor. Buried
commander not as a generalissimo, but according to the staff of a field marshal. With the exception of
Horse guards, the guard were not dressed up for the funeral. Neither the king nor the court
burials were not present. But crowds of thousands of people came to
seeing off your pet.
1.5. Principles of military training A. V. Suvorov. "The Science of Winning".
In the person of Suvorov, we saw not only a great commander, but also a teacher
the Russian army, which created a military educational system that
objectively came into conflict with the feudal-serf system,
dominated in Russia in the second half of the XVIII century.
A distinctive feature of the military leadership art of A.V. Suvorov is that
that in it the main goal of military operations was to destroy
the armed forces of the enemy. Complete victory, according to Suvorov, is possible only
as a result of the defeat of the enemy's manpower. He said: "Pushed aside
the enemy is failure; destroyed - victory ",
The great Suvorov for the first time solved the problems of military education in the process
active learning. Their correct understanding of training and education as
a single process ensured him the implementation of the task - the creation
invincible Russian army.
the basis on which a harmonious system of training and education of the Suvorov
army. Learning went from simple to complex, from single to cumulative and
was based on three principles: systematic, consistency and
continuity.
The upbringing of moral qualities was subordinated to the task of forming
soldiers and officers of will and firm character. The core of education was
the formation of those qualities that determined consciousness, courage and
courage of Suvorov's miracle heroes.
Suvorov's "Science to Win" the greatest monument to the Russian military
genius remains surprisingly relevant to this day. A. V. Suvorov completed
development of Russian military doctrine and formulated its main
principles: originality, the predominance of a quality element over
quantitative, national pride, conscious attitude to one's own
business, initiative, use of success to the end. And the crown of all is victory, small
obsessed with blood.
Suvorov's ideas were developed in the Russian army in the second half of the 19th century.
M.I. Dragomirov, who acted as a tireless propagandist of the Suvorov
With renewed vigor, Suvorov principles sounded in Soviet times in the days
October revolution. The main provisions of "The Science of Winning" were
included V.I. Lenin in the "Book of the Red Army", compiled by the Highest
military inspection. The last section of the service "Book of the Red Army"
contains material defining combat and political and moral education
Red Army men. "The Science of Winning" is set out mostly close to the text
statements of Suvorov. Editorial changes have been made in order to
approaching it to the tasks of our time and turned into slogans
treatment.
"The Science of Winning"
1. A soldier should be healthy, brave, firm and truthful.
2. Every warrior must understand his maneuver.
3. Hard in learning - easy in the hike; easy to learn - hard to hike.
4. Shoot rarely, but accurately, with a bayonet if it is strong.
5. Where the deer will pass, the soldier will also pass there.
6. Do not offend the citizens of the Republic. The soldier is not a robber.
7. Three martial arts: the first is the eye, the second is speed, the third is
8. Learning is light, not learning is darkness; the master's work is afraid.
Dragomirov M.I. Selected Works. Issues of education and training of troops. M., 1956.
9. Obedience, training, discipline, cleanliness, health, neatness,
vigor, courage, courage - victory.
10. The soldier who answers: "I cannot know" is worthless. Damn "I can't
to know ", from" not knowing a lot, a lot of trouble "
After this part, 10 rules-aphorisms are included in the "Book of the Red Army"
under the heading "Remember"
1. Die yourself - help out a friend (and a friend in trouble will help out)
2. Do not be afraid of death; then you will probably beat me. There will be no two deaths, but one
not to be avoided.
3. Never fight back, but always hit yourself, you can't beat the enemy with just beats.
4. It is difficult for you, but it is not easy for the enemy either (and if you start to beat him, he will
will become unbearable and will rather ask for a pardon).
5. Wherever the enemy appears, you can always get it either with a bullet, or
bayonet. The more handy, the beat; and lose my head because the enemy did not appear
from where they expected, and from the side or from behind, it means to climb to him in
6. In battle, there is no shift, there is only support. Defeat the enemy, then the service
will end.
7. No matter how bad it is, never despair, hold on until you are strong
8. While the battle is going on, help out the healthy, and the wounded will be picked up without you. Beat
enemy - it will become easier for everyone at once: both wounded and healthy.
9. Failed to defeat the enemy at once, climb on him another, third, fourth time
and so on endlessly, until you overcome him (because he will not leave you alone
until he finishes altogether).
10.Concisely, but boldly climb forward (the sooner you beat the enemy and the sooner you find it easier
Conclusion.
Generalissimo Suvorov entered world history as a great commander and
military thinker. He left a huge theoretical legacy, enriched
all areas of military affairs with new conclusions and provisions. Suvorov
developed and applied in military leadership the most advanced
for its time, the forms and methods of warfare, which
raised Russian military art to unprecedented heights. Victorious
Suvorov's campaign glorified our Motherland, they are bright and unforgettable
page of her glorious military past.
principles.
The name of Suvorov belongs to our people. In serving Russia, he saw
the main destiny of your life. “I leave my good name,” he wrote
Suvorov, - to contemporaries and posterity "
Years have passed, but the name of Generalissimo Suvorov is pronounced by the Russians with
full respect and love. He is a true folk hero, a military genius,
constituting the honor and glory of Russia.
Chapter 2. Generals of the XIX century. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.
Young years of Kutuzov.
The name of the Golenishchevs-Kutuzovs was formed in the 15th century. One of the ancestors
- Fyodor Alexandrovich bore the nickname "Kutuz", and his brother Ananiy had a son
Basil nicknamed "Boot". The family was noble, this is confirmed by the fact
the fact that Ivan 4 the Terrible gave Maria Andreevna Kutuzova to the former
Tsar Simeon of Kazan.
Illarion Matveyevich - the commander's father - was a major military engineer.
Starting military service under Peter 1, he took part in the wars of the 18th century. Having gone to
resignation in the rank of lieutenant general, continued service in civil
department. Lieutenant General and Senator Illarion Matveich, who served 30 years in
engineering corps and participated in the first Russian-Turkish war under
banners of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, was an extremely intelligent man
versatile educated, for which they called him "a reasonable book." His
the name became especially known in connection with the development of the channel project,
built in St. Petersburg under Catherine II to rid the inhabitants of the capital
from the disastrous floods of the full-flowing Neva.
was to become a Great Russian commander, his name is Mikhail Illarionovich
Kutuzov. He lost his mother early, and at first his grandmother was engaged in his upbringing,
and then the father.
Young Kutuzov with early years prepared Kutuzov for military activities. In 1757
As a 12-year-old boy, he enters the Engineering School founded by Peter
1 and converted in 1758 into the United Artillery Engineering
a school that trained officers for the Russian army. Through efforts
P.I. Shuvalov appointed in 1756 as Generalfeldzheikhmester, in
the subordination of which turned out to be and the school system of training pupils
has improved significantly. The leading disciplines were artillery,
fortification, tactics. Along with military disciplines, pupils
studied general subjects: algebra, geometry, physics,
history, geography, literature, foreign languages. And for the post
teachers Shuvalov invited prominent specialists.
The great Russian scientist had a great influence on the pupils of the school
M.V. Lomonosov. He helped Shuvalov in improving the teaching setting
at school. Many general education disciplines have been included in
training program on the advice of Lomonosov. The pupils of the school experienced
direct influence of Lomonosov, attending his lectures at the Academy of Sciences.
Mikhail Kutuzov also listened to these lectures with enthusiasm.
He devoted all his free time to books and proved himself extremely
a diligent and exceptionally capable student. Doing well, Kutuzov in
perfection mastered not only military sciences, but also dearly fell in love
philosophy, history, Russian and foreign literature, mathematics, good
studied a number of foreign languages, including English, Polish, German and
French and later Swedish and Turkish.
In 1759, Kutuzov graduated from the course and, by order of Shuvalov, was left in
school on teaching work: "Artillery captenarmus Mikhail
Kutuzov for his particular diligence in both languages and mathematics knowledge, and even more
that ... before the engineer has a tendency, to encourage others, of this number
I was promoted to the first class engineering building by a conductor ... and
left as before at the school, to help the officers for training
Active military service of Kutuzov began in 1761 as commander
company of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, where he was sent to his
urgent request after six months of teaching mathematics in
Artillery and Engineering School. Here he first met
A.V. Suvorov, who commanded the Astrakhan regiment, which included
there was a company of Kutuzov. For almost a year, Kutuzov passed unforgettable lessons from Suvorov
military science. Suvorov noticed a capable officer and brought him closer to him,
became his mentor. He explained to Kutuzov that the strength of the Russian army is in the soldier,
that "a soldier loves teaching, it would be sensible" that a soldier should be trusted,
take care of him and then he will be ready to follow you into fire and water, he will
capable of crushing any enemy.
This time they served briefly together. But after decades of battles and campaigns,
Throughout his life, Kutuzov carefully carried and carried out the instructions
your teacher. In 1764, when Russian troops moved to Poland, the captain
Kutuzov achieved a transfer to the active army, where he received a military
2.2. Russian-Turkish wars.
One of the most important external political tasks of Russia in the second half of the 18th century.
the task was to get access to the Black Sea. They stood in the way of her solution
Turkey and some European states that did not want to strengthen Russia,
strengthening of its influence in the East.
In 1768 Turkey, incited by France, declared war on Russia. For
fighting in the south of the country, two armies were created - the first
General P.A. Rumyantsev and the second General Panin. In 1770 Kutuzov was transferred
in the army of Rumyantsev, which operated against the Turkish troops in Moldova and
Wallachia. The young officer was lucky: he was at the disposal of
an outstanding commander.
During the hostilities in 1770, as the chief quartermaster in the corps
Rumyantsev and being in the vanguard of the advancing troops, Kutuzov performed
M.I.Kutuzov: Sat. documents. M., 1950-1956. With. 15
difficult and responsible assignments, "asked for all dangerous cases" and
became known to the army commander as a brave and capable headquarters
an officer. He takes an active part in the battles at the Pockmarked Tomb,
Larga and the Cahul River, in which the main forces of the Turks were defeated.
Subsequently, Kutuzov, with the rank of prime minister, was transferred from the army headquarters to
Smolensk Infantry Regiment, with which it participated in a number of battles, including
at Popesht. For the courage and bravery shown in these battles, Kutuzov
promoted to lieutenant colonel.
For M.I. Kutuzov, these battles became an unforgettable military school
art. He comprehended the strategy of crushing Rumyantsev, who believed that
"No one takes a city without having finished with the troops that defended it."
here Kutuzov saw that Rumyantsev's strategy is not only and not
always on the offensive. Kutuzov adopted the basic ideas of strategy and
Rumyantsev's tactics: rout and complete destruction of the enemy army, coverage
enemy army and strikes against it from the front, from the rear, from the flanks, and most importantly
applying ingenuity in battle.
Kutuzov's service in Rumyantsev's army suddenly and absurdly ended. Who-
then one of Kutuzov's “friends” informed Rumyantsev that during his leisure hours, amid cheerful laughter
Comrades Captain Kutuzov copied the gait and manner of the commander-in-chief.
And the field marshal was very touchy and did not like pranksters.
Impeccable service and military merit saved the young officer from anger
commander-in-chief, he was satisfied with the transfer of the mocker to the Crimean
This event left a deep imprint on Mikhail's character throughout his life.
Illarionovich. He became secretive and distrustful. Outwardly he was the same
Kutuzov, cheerful sociable, but people who knew him closely said that
"The hearts of people are open to Kutuzov, but his heart is closed to them."
In 1722, Kutuzov's service began in the Crimean army under the command of
V.M. Dolgorukov. During the battle near the village of Shumy, where the Turkish
landing, blocking the road to Alushta, Kutuzov, giving a personal example, with
with a banner in his hands, he led the battalion to attack. In a hot battle, the Turks were knocked out
from their positions, the road to Alushta is open. In this battle, Kutuzov received
severe wound to the head: “this headquarters officer received a bullet that,
hitting him between the eye and the temple, left without a break in the same place on another
side of the face, "- said in Dolgorukov's report. The wound was so bad
that the doctors had no hope of recovery. But Kutuzov recovered. Arriving in
Petersburg, he received an extended leave for medical treatment abroad.
In addition, Kutuzov received, at the direction of Catherine, 2 thousand ducats and
was awarded the Order of St. George 4 degrees.
Mikhail Illarionovich traveled a lot in Europe: he visited Prussia,
Austria, Holland, Italy, England, where he was not only treated, but also
used the slightest opportunity to replenish his knowledge, for
familiarization with Western European military art and international
politics. The longest he lived in Leiden - then the center of science. He is there
met with scientists, leading people of Europe and European
generals - Frederick 2 and Laudon.
Meanwhile, the war of 1768-74 ended with the defeat of Turkey. According to Kuchuk-
Under the Kainardzhiyskiy treaty, Russia received land between the Dnieper and the Bug,
a number of fortresses and the right to freely navigate the Black Sea through the straits
Bosphorus and Dardanelles.
Upon his return to his homeland in 1777, Kutuzov was assigned to the army,
located in the southern regions of Russia, in the Crimea. At the same military theater
actions served in those years Suvorov. These were comparatively peaceful years.
Crimea, as a result of the wars with Turkey, was declared independent, the fight against
Turkey's influence on the Crimean Tatars continued. This fight was fought at
assistance to diplomacy, which Suvorov, as he himself said, did not like to do,
therefore, he left Kutuzov with all the delicate political affairs that he
performed perfectly. Here for the first time Kutuzov discovered his
diplomatic ability. Appreciating Kutuzov's diplomacy,
Suvorov said: "Oh, smart, oh, cunning, no one will deceive him."
During these years, Kutuzov again went through the Suvorov school of training and education
troops. What originated in the Astrakhan regiment twenty years ago is now
became stronger and turned into Suvorov's "Science of Victory". Kutuzov comprehended
the most important rules of science to win: "eye, speed, onslaught."
Another rule introduced by Suvorov, which Kutuzov applied in practice,
was that "every warrior understands his maneuver." It was
a revolution in the training and education of troops. In an era when
linear tactics based on disbelief in the minds of soldiers built
in the line so that officers can constantly observe, lead
with every movement of the soldier, Suvorov developed the initiative of the troops. The soldiers
Suvorov and Kutuzova were those soldiers, in reason, combat ingenuity and
whose courage was believed and these qualities were developed.
All these were new phenomena in the art of war, they spread
thanks to Suvorov, he and Rumyantsev Kutuzov during these years took
Sinelnikov F. Life, military and political deeds of his lordship
General-Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-
Smolensk ... SPb., 1813-1814. Part 2, p. 33
offensive strategy, tactics and new methods of education and training
troops. Also at this time, Kutuzov begins to advance in the service: by
at the request of Suvorov, he was promoted to colonel, in 1782 he received the rank
brigadier, and when in 1784 the first corps of gamekeepers were formed -
the best soldiers of the Russian army, command the Bug Jaeger Corps
appointed one of its best generals - M.I. Kutuzov.
In 1787 a new war broke out with Turkey. Kutuzov covered with his corps
the borders of Russia along the Bug, then the troops of Kutuzov were included in the
the current Yekaterinoslav army. Commander of the Yekaterinoslav
army Potemkin decided to take the Black Sea Turkish fortress Ochakov.
Russian troops, including Kutuzov's corps, laid siege to Ochakov. Potemkin
hesitated with the assault, and military operations were limited to small
collisions.
During one of the sorties, the Turks attacked the cover of the Bugsky huntsmen.
housing. A serious battle ensued. Kutuzov led the troops into the attack and was
seriously injured. The bullet pierced the head for the flight in almost the same place as in
first wound. Doctors sentenced him to death, believing that he would not live to see
in the morning. But Kutuzov survived, only his right eye began to go blind.
Barely recovering from the wound, after three and a half months, Kutuzov was
participated in the assault and capture of Ochakov, as well as later in the battles on
Dniester and on the Bug, in the storming of the Khadzhibey castle, on the site of present-day Odessa. AND
everywhere: sometimes with battalions of rangers, then at the head of Cossack detachments when taking
fortresses Bendery and Ackerman and in a field battle - Kutuzov always, according to
to the testimony of contemporaries, "got the surface".
It was 1790, the war dragged on, military operations did not bring the desired
for Russia results. The Russian government decided to achieve a major
victories in order to force the Turks to conclude a profitable peace as soon as possible. Taking a few
fortresses, the Russian army approached the strong fortress of Izmail.
Located on the Danube, it had an extremely important strategic
meaning.
Russian troops, including Kutuzov, numbered 30 thousand people,
and the garrison of the fortress - more than 36 thousand. Turks were well provided for
ammunition and food, so Potemkin, without risking to take
leadership of the siege on himself, urgently asked in a letter to Suvorov to help take
fortress.
The decision to take Ishmael was made at the Military Council, where Suvorov appealed
to those present, among whom was Kutuzov, with the following words:
“It is true that the difficulties are great: the fortress is strong, the garrison is a whole army, but
nothing can stand against Russian weapons ... I made up my mind to take possession of this
fortress ".
In accordance with the disposition, Kutuzov commanded the 6th assault column on
the left flank, which was supposed to attack the bastion near the Kiliya gate.
fire, storming columns in the dark approached the counter-escarp, threw
ditches with fascists, swiftly descended and, putting the stairs to the shaft,
climbed on it.
Kutuzov's column burst onto the rampart, where heavy hand-to-hand fighting ensued. On the
at some point the Turks began to press Kutuzov, and he turned to Suvorov for
support, but he, knowing that his student would manage without reinforcements,
sent an officer with a message that a report had been sent about the capture of Ishmael and
Kutuzov was appointed its commandant. At this difficult moment, Kutuzov brought into battle
all his reserve, overturned the Turks and captured the bastion. By dawn the Russians
troops drove the enemy out of the outer fortifications, and after 6 hours destroyed
the remaining on the streets of the city detachments of the Turks.
Introducing Kutuzov for the award for Izmail, Suvorov wrote about his
favorite student and colleague: "Major General and Cavalier Golenishchev-Kutuzov
showed new experiences of art and his courage, overcame under strong
enemy fire all the difficulties, climbed onto the rampart, took possession of the bastion, and when
an excellent enemy forced him to stop, he, serving as an example
courage, held the place, overcame a strong enemy, established himself in
fortress and continued to hit the enemies ... He walked on the left flank, but was mine
right hand ... ".
After the fall of Izmail, Kutuzov asked the commander: “Why is your
Excellency congratulated me on my appointment as commandant, when the success was still
questionable? " "Suvorov knows Kutuzov, and Kutuzov knows Suvorov," followed
answer. "If Ishmael had not been taken, we would both have died under its walls." Per
Ishmael Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree and the rank of general
lieutenant. At the final stage of the war with Turkey, the role of Kutuzov increased.
Kutuzov remained the commandant of Izmail and the head of the troops located
between the Dniester and the Prut. The capture of the strategically main fortress, although
predetermined the outcome of the war, but the struggle for the crossings on the Danube, for the city of Machin,
Babadag and beyond the Black Sea coast continued. Kutuzov led her in difficult
conditions of mountainous terrain against mobile and numerous detachments
Turk. In addition to his inherent calmness and foresight, he showed
remarkable art of maneuvering on the flanks and rear of the enemy, the greatest
perseverance and decisiveness in the attack. He becomes one of the famous and
recognized generals of the Russian army.
In 1791, peace was concluded in the city of Iasi, according to which Turkey ceded
Russian lands between the rivers Southern Bug and Dniester and agreed to recognize
annexation of Crimea to Russia. This ended the age-old struggle for access.
to the Black Sea, necessary for the economic development of Russia.
With the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. an important period has ended
life and work of Kutuzov. In the harsh practice of military everyday life, in hot
battles with enemies on the fields of bloody battles, the formation
one of the most talented and original commanders of Russia. To the beginning
19th century Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov grew into a military leader
large scale, with deep knowledge of military affairs and combat
experience capable of solving complex problems in the field of strategy and tactics.
Peaceful service.
In 1793, a new stage began in Kutuzov's life: he became a diplomat.
Catherine did not lose sight of Kutuzov and unexpectedly appointed him
envoy to Constantinople.
years, but in this short period of time he managed to do a lot for Russia.
The tasks of his diplomatic mission were limited but not easy. Necessary
was to prevent the conclusion of an alliance between France and Turkey and eliminate
the danger of the penetration of the Russian fleet into the Black Sea. At the same time you need
was to collect information about the Slavic and Greek subjects of Turkey, and most importantly
to ensure the preservation of peace with the Turks. All these goals were achieved in
during his stay in the Turkish capital.
After the Constantinople mission, there was a break in the military
career and diplomatic activities of Kutuzov.
In September 1794, Mikhail Illarionovich was appointed director
land cadet corps, where he supervised training and education
future officers of the Russian army. I myself lectured them on military history,
first introduced teaching tactics in the corps.
Kutuzov visited important positions: he was Kazan and Vyatka and
Vyatka Governor-General, Commander of Ground Forces
flotilla commander in Finland, and in 1798 he went to Berlin to help
Prince Repnin, who was sent to eliminate dangerous for Russia
the consequences of a separate peace between Prussia and France. He did everything for Repnin
required diplomatic work and achieved some important
results: Prussia did not enter into an alliance with France.
Kutuzov was supposed to command the Ukrainian Dniester "inspections" in
the case of the war with Austria.
With the coming to power of Alexander, the political situation in the country became
change, and Kutuzov's official position changed just as significantly.
The opals began with the fact that Alexander, who first appointed Kutuzov
Petersburg military governor, suddenly quite unexpectedly in August
1802 dismissed him from this position (or rather, removed him from St. Petersburg), and
Kutuzov spent 3 years in the village, away from work. Even then, the king disliked
Kutuzov. The real reason for Alexander's hatred was awareness
Kutuzov on the conspiracy against Paul 1, his murder and involvement in these
events of the new emperor. It was under Alexander 1 in the career of Kutuzov in
opals alternated in a fairly correct order when Kutuzov was removed
from business or sometimes gave him significant civilian positions, and
then, just as unexpectedly, they were called up to the highest military post.
Alexander might not like Kutuzov, but he needed the mind and talent of Kutuzov and
in his reputation in the army, where he was considered the direct heir to Suvorov.
Military company in 1805.
Kutuzov was remembered when danger hung over all of Europe - danger
"Hydras of the revolution" by Napoleon Bonaparte, who by 1805 had already defeated two
coalition of feudal states. The war of the third coalition began against
Napoleon. Then in 1805, an emergency was sent to the village to Kutuzov
courier from the king. Kutuzov was offered to be the commander-in-chief on the decisive
sector of the front against the French army, which was under the command of
Napoleon.
According to the plan of the coalition, the united Russian-Austrian
the army was to move to France. Kutuzov took command
the fifty thousandth army gathered in Volyn to lead it deep into
Europe, towards the French troops. Kutuzov's troops were only
part of the one hundred and eighty thousandth Russian army, which he undertook to put
Alexander 1 is on the side of the coalition. But it was they who had to endure
the brunt of the fight. For the first time, the Russian army had to fight with
famous French, personally led by Napoleon.
Many anxiously awaited this meeting, fearing for Kutuzov, since he was less
known in Europe and no one knew about his abilities abroad. While
how Napoleon managed to secure a name for himself with the battles of Lodi, Marengo, Rivoli.
The big difference between Kutuzov and Napoleon was also that
that the French emperor was the only leader of his troops, and
Kutuzov, on the other hand, was under the supervision of two strategy-minded people.
emperors.
One way or another, in August 1805, the Russian army marched into Bavaria for
connection with the Austrians. Having covered a thousand-kilometer path, she is in October
reached Braunau. At this time, Austrian troops were in the area of g.
Ulm. Kutuzov had several passages left to connect with
Austrians. But Napoleon, having made a rapid march, in large forces
bypassed the Austrian army of Archduke Ferdinand, which in fact
commanded by General Mack and, under threat of defeat, forced her to surrender.
The thirty thousand strong Austrian army ceased to exist, and Napoleon
immediately began to take action against Kutuzov. Kutuzov knew what was
in a difficult position that Napoleon after Ulm had his hands completely free
and that he has three times as many troops. Kutuzov accepted the only correct
the solution is to hastily go east to Vienna, and if necessary, then beyond Vienna
to join the second Russian army under the command of General F.F.
Buxgewden, coming from Russia.
Kutuzov got out of a desperate situation. It is completely unexpected for
Napoleon, gave the advancing army a sharp rebuff: defeated the forward corps
Napoleon at Amschetten, and while Marshal Mortier was recovering, he stood in his way
at Krems and here Mortier has already dealt a very strong blow. Napoleon being on
the other bank of the Danube, did not have time to help Mortier. Defeat of the French
was complete. But the danger was not over. Napoleon took Vienna without a fight and again
chased Kutuzov. The Russian army has never been so close to danger
to be defeated or surrendered, as at this moment. For Kutuzov
was chased by Murat, who needed in any way to detain at least
for the shortest possible time of the Russians, so that they do not have time to join
the Russian army stationed in Olmutz. Murat started sham negotiations for peace.
But Kutuzov could not be fooled, he figured out the trick from the very first moment
Murat and, immediately agreeing to "negotiations", he himself hastened even more
movement of his army east to Olmutz. Kutuzov understood that in a day
the other the French will guess that there are no negotiations and will not be. But he
knew to whom he had received the difficult task of serving as a barrier from the pressing
the French army. There was already a rearguard between Gollabrun and Schöngraben.
Bagration. Bagration had a corps of 6 thousand people, Murat had four
times more, and Bagration all day delayed the fiercely fighting
enemy, and although he paved quite a few of his own, but also a lot of French, and did not leave
disturbed by them. During this time, Kutuzov already withdrew to Olmutz and connected with
with the main forces of Buxgevden, Bagration also kept up with him. Everything
Napoleon's attempts to surround the Russian army were unsuccessful.
In the history of military art, the retreat of the Russian army from Braunau to
Olmutsu is considered an outstanding example of a strategic march, in
as a result of which the balance of forces changed in favor of the allies:
Napoleon to Olmutz had only 50 thousand people, while Kutuzov's forces, along with
the Austrians increased to 86 thousand. At the military council in Olmutz Kutuzov,
taking into account the fatigue of the troops and the strengthening of the Napoleonic army with new forces,
strength will run out, and give them a battle there.
Unfortunately, Kutuzov's plan was rejected by the Austrians and Alexander 1,
who, dreaming of Napoleon's military leadership, together with Franz 1
arrived in the army and actually removed Kutuzov from the leadership of the troops. V
as a result, an erroneous decision was made - to immediately oppose
Napoleon, moving all the pitchforks to Austerlitz.
Allied offensive plan drawn up by a mediocre Austrian general
Weyroter, was calculated for the passive actions of Napoleon, did not take into account
features of the terrain in the Austerlitz area. Kutuzov proved the danger
fighting in such conditions, but no one listened to him.
the heroism of Russian soldiers and officers, the combat experience of Kutuzov, Bagration,
Dokhturov, Miloradovich - talented generals of the Russian army. Napoleon
well aware of the plans of the allies with a blow to the center broke through the front
allied forces and forced them to fight an inverted front. As a result
Russian-Austrian troops suffered a crushing defeat. Only
thanks to the courage and resilience of the Russian soldiers, Napoleon did not succeed
carry out the plan to completely defeat the allied armies, although the losses were
huge: the Russians lost 21 thousand killed and wounded, the Austrians -
about 6 thousand people. The defeat at Austerlitz led to the collapse
anti-French coalition and the conclusion of a separate agreement between
Austria and France.
Alexander 1 shifted the blame for the defeat to Kutuzov, but when everyone became
it is clear that the culprit of Austerlitz's defeat was the Russian emperor himself, and not
Tsar Kutuzov hated him even more.
2.5. M.I. Kutuzov is a diplomat.
After Austerlitz, Kutuzov was in complete disgrace, and only so that the enemy would not
could see in this an admission of defeat, the former commander-in-chief was
nevertheless, he was appointed the Kiev military governor, thereby inflicting
insult.
But he did not have to govern for long. In 1806 - 1807 during very
a difficult war with France, when, after the complete defeat of Prussia, Napoleon
won a victory at Friedland and achieved disadvantageous for Russia
Tilsit peace, Alexander was convinced by bitter experience that without Kutuzov he
not enough. And Kutuzov, forgotten during the war of 1806-1807. with the French
was summoned to fix things in another war that Russia was continuing
lead after Tilsit - in the war against Turkey.
It began in 1806 and took on a protracted nature, since the Turks did not want
surrender, relying on support from France. Generals A.A.
Prozorovsky, P.I. Bagration, N.M. Kamensky commanders of the Russians
troops in different years, could not win a decisive victory and force
Turks go to the conclusion of peace. Amid the approaching war with
France, Alexander 1 was forced to appoint the commander of the Moldavian
army of Kutuzov.
At the beginning of 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took office
the commander-in-chief of the army, numbering 45 thousand soldiers, and the Turks
there were more than 70 thousand. By this time, the Russian army was significantly
weakened - almost half of its composition was recalled to fight Napoleon.
The main task that had to be solved by Kutuzov was the fastest
the end of the war and the conclusion of a peace beneficial for Russia. To solve it
it was necessary to defeat the Turkish army. After much preparation and
year inflicted a heavy defeat on the Turkish vizier at Ruschuk. Position
Russian troops got better, but still continued to remain critical,
especially since after a deliberately rough scene staged by Napoleon to the ambassador
remained. And the Turks, incited by the French envoy, intended
fight and fight. Then Kutuzov came up with a cunning plan for a complete victory over
a large army of the vizier.
Kutuzov, convincing the enemy of his weakness by blowing up fortresses and
retreats, lured the Turks to the left bank of the Danube, where he concentrated his main
strength. Part of the troops Kutuzov sent to the right bank in order to close
the way to retreat for the Turks. As a result, Kutuzov pressed the vizier's army to the river and
surrounded her on all sides with redoubts. The vizier realized that the troops in such
conditions threatened with complete extermination, secretly fled from his besieged
N. Munkov “M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat ", p. 27
the armies surrendered to the Russians.
After the surrender of Akhmet Pasha's troops, peace negotiations continued for a further
six months - disputes were mainly over the division of territories. In the spring of 1812 due to
approaching Napoleon's troops, the tsar was already going to agree to recognize
Prut border, but demanded that Kutuzov insist on signing the allied
agreement between Turkey and Russia. The Turks were in no hurry to sign such
treaty, as they hoped for an early entry of Russia into the war with France.
Here Kutuzov set in motion all the efforts of his enormous mind and diplomatic
subtleties. He managed to convince the Turks that the war between Napoleon and Russia
has not yet been finally decided, but what if Turkey does not reconcile in time
with Russia, then Napoleon will again renew friendly relations with Alexander,
and then both emperors will divide Turkey in half.
was concluded: Russia not only freed the entire
her Danube army, but in addition she received from Turkey in eternal
possession of the entire Bessarabia. The results achieved by Kutuzov were subsequently
Europe has been defined as a diplomatic "paradox".
This was the first blow to time, which Kutuzov dealt to Napoleon-
diplomat almost three and a half months before he
the field struck a second blow by Kutuzov the strategist.
M.I. Kutuzov is a great commander.
The most important national liberation war at the beginning of the 19th century, in which
the fate of not only Russia, but also Europe was decided, there was a Patriotic war
N. Munkov “M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat ", p. 56
On the western Russian border, by June 1812, three
powerful groupings of French troops, which had 500 thousand infantry and
cavalry with 1372 guns. Developing a campaign plan, Napoleon counted on
with a swift blow to defeat the Russian troops in border battles,
bring Russia to its knees and thereby further strengthen its power
in Europe.
limits of Russia. The main blow of the French troops was directed at Moscow.
The war for Russia began in an unfavorable strategic situation, with
unfavorable balance of forces. The number of Russian troops in the western
border was 300 thousand soldiers with 1200 guns, stretched out on a wide
front from the Black to the Baltic Seas. The western border of the country was defended
three armies: General Barclay de Tolly's 1st Western Army was located in
Lithuania and covered the St. Petersburg direction; General's 2nd Western Army
Bagration covered Moskoskoe; 3rd Western Army under command
Tormasova defended the Kiev direction. In addition, in Wallachia
was the Danube army under the command of Admiral Chichagov.
The war plans developed in St. Petersburg had a number of serious miscalculations in
organization of the country's defense. This created huge
difficulties and became the reason for her retreat.
The goal pursued by Napoleon is not to allow the armies to join, but to break them up
alone or to impose a decisive battle on the Russian army. but
the strategic plan of Napoleon cracked from the very beginning. For general
the Russians were not going to fight, reasonably believing that it was time for him
a battle where the courage and heroism of Russian soldiers were clearly manifested.
First, they detained the enemy at the walls of the city, and then, undefeated,
crossed to the Moscow road, preparing for the inevitable new battles. Take
Smolensk cost Napoleon 20 thousand soldiers, and meanwhile in the Russian
more and more militias joined the army.
The retreat of Russian troops, the loss of vast territories caused a growing
discontent in the army, among the nobility and among the broad popular masses
government activities to direct military operations,
the lack of a unified command in the active army. All the more persistent
there were demands for the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief. Specially
created by the Emergency Committee to resolve the issue of whom to entrust the fate
Army and Russia, said that the committee members unanimously chose Kutuzov.
Emergency Committee and signed a decree appointing Kutuzov
commander-in-chief.
caused a general uplift in the Russian army. "Kutuzov came to beat
French, ”the soldiers said.
The documents testify to the enormous amount of work done by M.I.Kutuzov
after his appointment. He paid attention to literally everything: the plan of the military
actions and reserves, the supply of the army and the state of the roads, the organization
militia and partisan detachments, medical care and attitude
a guarantee of future success. While Kutuzov was on his way to the army, she fought back to
East. Napoleonic troops captured a significant part of the Russian
empire. Having familiarized yourself with the affairs in the army, further postpone the
general battle was already impossible, and Kutuzov takes
the final decision to give it. The people and the army can no longer wait. He
gives the appropriate order to the acting chief of the main
headquarters L. L. Bennigsen to find a suitable position. Command
stopped at the Borodino field, to which the army began to approach in the morning of 22
Terrain in the Borodino area, located 12 kilometers west of
Mozhaisk, very hilly and crossed by a significant number of rivers and
streams that formed deep ravines. The eastern part of the field is larger
higher than the western one. The Koloch river flows through the village, which in 4
kilometers from the village it flows into the Moskva River. The river was high and steep
the coast, which well covered the right flank of the positions of the Russian army. The left
the flank approached close to a small forest, heavily overgrown with small
shrubs and in places swampy.
Most of the Kolochi tributaries are densely overgrown with bushes, through the village
there were two Smolensk roads: New and Old. Taking position at
Borodino, the Russian army had many advantages. Choosing a location is one of
generalship of Kutuzov. Difficulty moving cavalry and infantry
enemy, blocking the roads leading to Moscow.
Before the battle, the French army numbered 135 thousand soldiers and
587 guns. She was opposed by a Russian army of 120 thousand in war and 624 guns.
Napoleon saw the battle of Borodino as an opportunity with one blow
decide the war in your favor. His plan was to break through
Russian positions on the left flank and in the center, push back Kutuzov's army in
the bend of the Moskva River at the confluence of the Kolocha River and destroy it. Kutuzov
set the task for the troops to wear out and bleed the enemy in
defensive battle, in order to intercept at an opportune moment
initiative and launch a counteroffensive. The balance of power was still on
side of Napoleon, but Kutuzov had superiority in artillery. Kutuzov
tried to take advantage of this superiority and deployed the army so that
Napoleon could not get around her and attack and rear. Kutuzov put the battery on
height right in the center of the army, infantry
regiments to repel French attacks on the battery. On the right wing of the Russians
armies Kutuzov put the 1st army of Barclay - de Tolly, on the left wing
there were earthen fortifications (flashes) in the shape of an angle, they were occupied by the 2nd army
Bagration. Also, several kilometers ahead on the left flank was
exhibited Shevardinsky redoubt, and even to the left was Tuchkov's building. 24
August the French attacked the Shevardinsky redoubt. This made it possible to win
time and strengthen the main position.
In the early morning, the first shot rang out, then another and another - this is how it began
"Battle of the giants". Napoleon, using tried and tested tactics, moved
the main forces on the left flank. He hoped to break them quickly, and,
taking advantage of the confusion to attack from the flank and from the rear. To the left flank
Napoleon pulled off almost all of the artillery. But this did not bring Napoleon
expected results, because on the left flank was a brave and smart
Bagration, who had time to help everywhere and covered the flanks.
The attacks of the French followed incessantly, to which the Russians responded
counterattacks. The Russians stood to their death, the struggle lasted 7 hours. Only in
mid-day after 8 attacks, after Bagration was mortally wounded
carried away the battle, the French took the flushes, but the Russians did not give up, they
only retreated beyond the ravine. Napoleon also failed to break through in the center.
The French stubbornly sought to capture the battery (Kurgan Hill), but
each time they were thrown back with bayonet attacks. Here they bravely led their
warriors into battle Raevsky, Dokhturov, Miloradovich, and then Baarklay de Tolly
Only at the end of the day, the French, at the cost of huge losses, managed to capture
the central battery, but the Russians did not surrender their positions, they only retreated 800
meters. The Russians fought as best they could, but it was clear that for a long time they did not
will survive. Then Kutuzov went on the move that decided the outcome of the battle.
Kutuzov sent two cavalry units of Generals M.I. Platov and F.P.
Uvarov, bypassing Napoleon's army. The parts appeared so unexpectedly that they introduced
into the panic of the French. Napoleon did not dare to bring the Old Guard into battle.
Throughout the battle, Kutuzov was in the full sense of the word the brain of the Russian
army. During the entire struggle for Bagration flushes, then for Kurgan
height, then, during the brilliant defeat of Poniatowski's cavalry, finally
at the end of the battle, adjutants rushed to him and from him who brought him
reports and orders that took away from him.
The battle lasted 15 hours, and died down only late in the evening. Kutuzov completed
his plan and practically won the battle. The French retreated to their former
position, not having solved the task - to destroy the Russian army.
The losses of both armies were enormous: the French lost 50 thousand
soldier, the Russians have 38 thousand.
Field Marshal, wrote: “The battle on the 26th of the former was the most
The bloodiest of all those known in modern times. Place
battles we won completely, and the enemy then retreated to that
the position in which he came to attack us. "
Speaking about the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon was forced to admit: “From
fifty battles given by me, in the battle of Moscow, the most
of valor and the least success achieved. "
“When assessing the Battle of Borodino,” notes the military historian P. A. Zhilin,
3 main results should be noted: The Napoleonic army did not break
the resistance of the Russians, it was not possible to defeat it, thereby opening the way
to Moscow; The Russian army withdrew from the enemy half of his troops; on the
Borodino field, the French army suffered an irreparable moral
shock, while the Russian troops increased confidence in victory. "
After the Battle of Borodino, events began to develop more rapidly.
Kutuzov decided to sacrifice Moscow for the sake of all of Russia. Leaving the capital
to the south to the rich provinces so that the army can rest and gain strength.
But behind these simple actions lay the fact that, having gone to Tarutin,
Kutuzov found himself in the flank of the Napoleonic troops and could safely cut off
Napoleon from his reserves. This ingenious Tarutino maneuver of Kutuzov
committed, departing along the Ryazan and Kaluga roads, and Murat
the one who pursued him got so confused that, reporting to Napoleon, he said: “Russian
the army has disappeared. " After spending less than a month in Moscow and not having achieved peace from
the futility of his campaign. He was heading, as expected, towards the southern
Russian provinces in the hope of overwintering there, but the position was already
busy with everything that had foreseen Kutuzov. First major collision
French army with Russian troops near Moscow, ending
this moment began an endless series of defeats of the "great" army in
Russian land. Then there were Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma, Krasnoe and everywhere the Russians
people won victories. It even got to the point that Napoleon could not stand it and
left his army, fleeing to Poland.
It should be noted in the months of the war, the actions of the partisans, they were a consequence of
pariotic rise in the Russian people. But all this could not happen without
Kutuzov, who was the only commander at that time who felt the soul
Russian people, believed in him and hoped for his steadfastness. Kutuzov
contacted the leaders of the partisan detachments, coordinated their actions and
the people were ready to follow him anywhere.
And so in December 1812 Napoleon fled, the great army was no more, and
Russian troops, having crushed earlier invincible enemies, ended up in Vilna.
Now, plucking up courage, Tsar Alexander 1 arrived in the army. Kutuzov
met him with great honors, bowed dozens of trophy
banners, and the tsar awarded the commander with the highest military distinction of the Russian army -
George of the "first" degree. Both of them remained bitter enemies.
In the future, Kutuzov led an army to Europe, but even here he was awarded glory.
Konigsberg was taken by a night attack, which was defended by Marshal MacDonaold.
Warsaw surrendered without bai. Surrounded by the Cossacks, the Danzig fortress fell.
Completed Poznan, Kalisz, dozens of other Polish and German cities among
them Dresden Leipzig, Berlin.
In Prussia, Mikhail Illarionovich caught a bad cold and his condition with
worsened every day. In the city of Bunzlau, Kutuzov, being in a difficult
position, took to bed, but even then he continued to give orders
army. Shortly before his death, Alexander 1 came to him. A hypocrite from the first
years of his reign, who persecuted Mikhail Illarionovich, now
sanctimoniously asked the dying man for forgiveness, to which he replied: “I, your
majesty, I forgive, but will Russia forgive. "
embalmed and taken east, to Russia. All the way in mournful
in silence the people greeted the funeral procession.
Kutuzov fulfilled his duty - he saved the fatherland from destruction for posterity, he
was able to bring Russia out of a difficult situation, to glorify her to the whole world as
invincible and all this thanks not only to his genius, but also to his
love your people sincerely.
Conclusion.
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is that figure in the history of the State
Russian, which can be put on a par with its founder, since
salvation from foreign invaders can be considered a second birth. Of such
births, the history of Russia has experienced more than once, but this most convinced
Europe in the steadfastness and steadfastness of the Russian character. It would seem that already
everything is lost, the war is deadly for Russia, but the Russian people
never gives up and fights to the last drop of blood, achieving success in
practically desperate situations. This characteristic feature for Russians
manifested itself in all wars, but Kutuzov used it most of all, or rather
the people gave him this right. The War of 1812 was one of those rare occasions
history, when the people united around one person not because of his glory and
success, not because of his wisdom and intelligence, although this served as a defining
moment, but due to the fact that in this difficult time he was like no one mentally
close to him, he expressed the will of the people and this is not given to everyone.
Kutuzov was such a versatile person that he could defend interests
Russia in any field of activity and on any front. You can imagine
how much would he benefit the state if the king would sacrifice personal
cause of hostility and would put the interests of Russia above all else, but
Alexander chose to sacrifice the interests of the country. This was a sample
selfishness and irresponsibility, something that has always opposed character traits
Kutuzov.
There is also some kind of mystery in Kutuzov, which intertwines, like me
it seems with his wisdom. In all the paintings he is depicted pensive and
looking somewhere in the depths, knowing some great truth about
the existence of all mankind. He seems to see through the ages and knows
in advance about all the achievements. Sometimes it seems that, having chosen your humanitarian
path of development, then would become a great philosopher.
Today it is not easy to compare Kutuzov with political and state
leaders of the present time and you understand that there are no people among them
means that these people do not have anything close to the people, they have no problems
who are inherent in their people, and they have no soul kinship with their people -
because they are guided not by state principles, but by personal ones as
once Alexander. And who is not guided by them? Maybe this
honest Kutuzov is some kind of special, maybe he was specially sent
to humanity by God to save him from the bloodthirsty Napoleon?
Europe, whose peoples were exhausted from the oppression of Napoleonic servants. In connection with
Conclusion.
Summing up the spiritual and moral image of the Russian soldier in the XVIII - XIX
centuries, we can say that the Russian warrior was first of all strong
spiritually: in the course of training, he began to realize that he was shedding his blood for
Fatherland and the Orthodox faith, sacrificing life, following the commandment “For friends
The Russian soldier was an example of high morality, expressed in
a pious attitude towards ordinary people and civilians. Russian warrior
possessed high morale and ingenuity, which allowed him to overcome any
adversary, as evidenced by the following words "Science to conquer":
"The hero will kill half a dozen, and I've seen more."
In today's time, the importance of the great Russian commanders is especially
great. The forms developed by the Suvorovs, perfect for their time, and
methods of warfare that raised the Russian military
art to an unprecedented height, relevant in our time.
He left a huge theoretical legacy, enriched all areas of the military
affairs with new findings and provisions. Suvorov's victorious campaigns
glorified our Motherland.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Soviet government
established the Order of Suvorov, which is one of the highest awards for military
services to the Motherland. During the war, the Suvorov
schools in which military training is carried out in the spirit of Suvorov
principles.
M.I. Kutuzov.
He is the figure in the history of the Russian State who can
put on a par with its founder, as salvation from foreign
Russia was worried more than once, but this most of all convinced Europe of resilience and
the steadfastness of the Russian character.
One way or another, the importance of Kutuzov is great not only for all of Russia, which he
saved from the enslavers who were thirsty for profit, but also for the whole world, and in particular
Europe, whose peoples were exhausted from the oppression of Napoleonic servants. In connection with
this Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, the great Russian man, can
to be called nothing less than the "savior of Europe".
A commander is not a position or rank.
A commander is a commander whose personal qualities allow
troops under his leadership to perform feats, gain great successes and
make a significant contribution to the overall victory. Every general contributes something
his own, inherent in his character, talent, knowledge and experience, in the organization and
conducting battles, operations and battles.
In military history, there are no commanders who have created world fame for themselves, who are not
would be the favorites of their troops. This means that world famous
the generals were not only masters of strategy and tactics, but also knew the way
to the hearts of their soldiers, their army. They were masters of the high spirit of the troops,
knew how to instill in the soul of a soldier strong confidence in themselves.
Bibliography.
A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 volumes. M., 1951, vol. 1, p. 63-66.
A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 volumes. M., 1951, vol. 2, p. 409.
A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 volumes. M., 1951, vol. 3, p. 572 - 573
A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 volumes. M., 1951, vol. 3, p. 587-588.
Bragin M. ZhZL M.I. Kutuzov, 1988, p. 25
Dragomirov M.I. Selected Works. Education and training issues
troops. M., 1956, p. 72
Druzhinin N.M. The genesis of capitalism in Russia, 1955, p. 24.
Zhilin P.A. The death of the Napoleonic army in Russia, p. 57
K. Marx, F. Engels, Soch. 2nd ed., V. 20, p. 171.
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13. N. Munkov “M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat ", p. 27, p. 56
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16. Sinelnikov F. Life, military and political deeds of his lordship
General-Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev -
Kutuzov - Smolensk ... SPb., 1813-1814. Part 2, p. 33
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Part 2, p. 156-161; 1756, h. 2, p. 18-30. / The magazine was published by A.P. Sumarokov and
MM. Kheraskov.
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Reference materials:
Anecdotes of the Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky / Ed. E.
Fuchs. SPb., 1990, p. 67
The book of the Red Army. M., 1918, p. 107 - 108.
Military charter. See: PSZ-I, v. 5, No. 3006
Cit. According to T.G. Snytko Decree. Works, p. 112.
Cit. Quoted from: Tarle E.V. Napoleon. M., 1957, p. 57
Russia has always been rich in outstanding generals and naval commanders.
1. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (c. 1220 - 1263). - a commander, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (1240), and at 22 - the German "knight-dogs" during the Battle of the Ice (1242)
2. Dmitry Donskoy (1350 - 1389). - commander, prince. Under his leadership, the greatest victory was won on the Kulikovo field over the hordes of Khan Mamai, which was an important stage in the liberation of Russia and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
3. Peter I - Russian tsar, an outstanding commander. He is the founder of the Russian regular army and navy. He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721). during the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723), under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
4. Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) - Count, General - Field Marshal, Admiral. Companion of Peter I, the greatest organizer, one of the founders of the Baltic Fleet
5 Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 - 1719) - Count, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Crimean, Azov. He commanded an army in a campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In the battle at Eresfer, in Livonia, a detachment under his command defeated the Swedes, defeated Schlippenbach's army at Gummelshof (5 thousand killed, 3 thousand prisoners). The Russian flotilla forced the Swedish ships to leave the Neva for the Gulf of Finland. In 1703 he took Noteburg, and then Nyenskans, Koporye, Yamburg. In Estonia Sheremetev B.P. occupied Wesenberg. Sheremetev B.P. besieged Dorpat, who surrendered on 13 IL 1704. During the Astrakhan uprising B.P. Sheremetev. was sent by Peter I to suppress it. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. took Astrakhan.
6 Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) - His Serene Highness Prince, associate of Peter I. Generalisimo of the sea and land forces. Participant in the Northern War with the Swedes, the battle at Poltava.
7. Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796) - Count, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Russian-Swedish War, the Seven Years War. The largest victories were won by him during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in the battles at the Ryaboy grave, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George of the 1st degree and received the title of Transdanubia.
8. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729-1800) - His Serene Highness Prince of Italy, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian armies, Grand of the Sardinian Kingdom and Prince of royal blood (with the title of "cousin King "), holder of all Russian and many foreign military orders awarded at that time.
Never in any of the battles given to him was he defeated. Moreover, in almost all these cases, he convincingly won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.
he took by storm the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Focsani, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and the victory over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps was the crown of his military leadership.
9. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized as a righteous warrior Theodore Ushakov. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Naval Fleet, led it with talent, having won a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, etc. Ushakov's notable victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799 g., where the combined actions of ships and land assault forces were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov fought 40 sea battles. And they all ended in brilliant victories. The people called him "The Fleet Suvorov".
10. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) - the famous Russian commander, General-Field Marshal, His Serene Highness Prince. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, French in various positions, including the Commander-in-Chief of armies and troops. He formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army
11. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) - Prince, outstanding Russian commander, Field Marshal, Minister of War, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George. He commanded the entire Russian army at the initial stage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which he was replaced by M.I.Kutuzov. In the overseas campaign of the Russian army in 1813-1814, he commanded the united Russian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian army of the Austrian field marshal Schwarzenberg.
12. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1769-1812) - Prince, Russian general from infantry, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Descendant of the Georgian royal house of Bagration. The branch of the Kartalin princes Bagration (ancestors of Peter Ivanovich) was included in the number of Russian-princely families on October 4, 1803, when Emperor Alexander I approved the seventh part of the General Armorial
13. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771-1829) - Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. For thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After the feat at Saltanovka, he became one of the most popular generals of the Russian army. The fight for the Raevsky battery was one of the key episodes of the Borodino battle. By the time the Persian army invaded Georgia in 1795, and fulfilling its obligations under the Treaty of Georgievsk, the Russian government declared war on Persia. In March 1796, the Nizhniy Novgorod regiment as part of V.A.Zubov's corps set off on a 16-month campaign to Derbent. In May, after ten days of siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In difficult mountain conditions, Raevsky showed his best qualities: "The 23-year-old commander managed to maintain complete order of battle and strict military discipline during the exhausting campaign."
14. Alexey Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861) - Russian military leader and statesman, participant in many major wars that the Russian Empire waged from the 1790s to 1820s. General of Infantry. General of the artillery. Hero of the Caucasian War. During the campaign of 1818, he supervised the construction of the Groznaya fortress. In his subordination were the troops sent to pacify the Avar Khan Shamil. In 1819 Yermolov began to build a new fortress - Sudden. In 1823 he commanded military operations in Dagestan, and in 1825 he fought with the Chechens.
15. Matvey Ivanovich Platov (1753-1818) - Count, cavalry general, Cossack. He took part in all the wars of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Since 1801 - ataman of the Don Cossack army. He took part in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, at first he commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, he had successful business with the enemy near the town of Mir and Romanovo. During the retreat of the French army, Platov, relentlessly pursuing her, inflicted defeats on her at Gorodnya, Kolotsky monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaymishche, near Dukhovshchina and while crossing the river Vop. For his merits he was elevated to the count's dignity. In November Platov took Smolensk from the battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney at Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813 he entered Prussia and overlaid Danzig; in September he received command over a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, took about 15 thousand prisoners. In 1814 he fought at the head of his regiments in the capture of Nemur, at Arsy-sur-Oba, Cézanne, Villeneuve.
16. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851) - Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral, holder of the Order of St. George IV class and discoverer of Antarctica. Here in 1827, commanding the Azov warship, MP Lazarev took part in the Navarino battle. Fighting with five Turkish ships, he destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned a flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced an 80-gun ship of the line to run aground, after which he lit it and blew it up. In addition, "Azov" under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey. For participation in the Battle of Navarino, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded three orders at once (Greek - "Commander's Cross of the Savior", English - Baths and French - St. Louis, and his ship "Azov" received the St. George flag.
17. Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) - Russian admiral. Under the command of Lazarev M. P. performed in 1821-1825. voyage around the world aboard the "Cruiser" frigate. During the voyage he was promoted to lieutenant. In the Navarino battle, he commanded a battery on the battleship "Azov" under the command of MP Lazarev as part of the squadron of Admiral LP Geiden; for the difference in the battle he was awarded on December 21, 1827 the Order of St. George IV class # 4141 and promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1828. took command of the corvette "Navarin", a captured Turkish ship, formerly named "Nassabih Sabah". During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, commanding a corvette, he blocked the Dardanelles as part of a Russian squadron. During the period of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-55. took a strategic approach to the defense of the city. In Sevastopol, although Nakhimov was listed as the commander of the fleet and port, since February 1855, after the flooding of the fleet, he defended, as appointed by the commander-in-chief, the southern part of the city, leading the defense with amazing energy and enjoyed the greatest moral influence on the soldiers and sailors who called him “father -a benefactor ".
18. Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1806-1855) - Vice Admiral (1852). Participated in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 and the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-29. From 1849 - chief of staff, from 1851 - de facto commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He advocated the rearmament of ships and the replacement of the sailing fleet with steam. During the Crimean War - one of the leaders of the Sevastopol defense.
19. Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904) - He was the founder of the theory of the unsinkability of a ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyer ships and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He made two rounds of the world and a number of Arctic voyages. He skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron in the defense of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
20. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) - The most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized as Marshal Soviet Union... The development of plans for all major operations of the united fronts, large groupings of Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended victoriously. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.
21. Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896-1968) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
22. Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
23. Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov (1897-1955) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
24. Kirill Afanasevich Meretskov (1997-1968) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
25. Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. In May 1940 - July 1941 People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.
26. Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894 - 1949) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union
27. Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (1900-1982) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, during the Great Patriotic War - the commander of the 62nd Army, who distinguished himself especially in the Battle of Stalingrad. 2-Waiting Hero of the USSR.
28. Andrey Ivanovich Eremenko (1892-1970) - Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the most prominent commanders of the Great Patriotic War and World War II in general.
29. Radion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1897-1967) - Soviet military leader and statesman. The commander of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union, from 1957 to 1967 - Minister of Defense of the USSR.
30. Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904-1974) - Soviet naval leader, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, headed the Soviet Navy (as People's Commissar of the Navy (1939-1946), Minister of the Navy (1951-1953 ) and the Commander-in-Chief)
31. Nikolai Fedorovich Vatutin (1901-1944) - General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, belongs to the galaxy of the main commanders of the Great Patriotic War.
32. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (1906-1945) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, army general, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
33. Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov (1901-1982) - Soviet military leader, Hero of the Soviet Union, Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor.
And these are just some of the generals that are worthy of mention.
